O 

jg 

i r-=1 

; CD 

: m 


SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. 


MANUAL 


CONCHOLOGY 


STRUCTURAL SND SYSTEMATIC. 


WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. 


POUNDED BY 


GEORGE W, TRYON, JR. 


CONTINUED BY 

. -V 


HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D., 

SPECIAL CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY or 
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 


VOL. XVIII. 
ACHATINID^E : STENOGYRIN^E AND CCELIAXIN^. 


PHILADELPHIA : 
Published by the Conchological Department, 

ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 

1906. 


DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XVIII. 

Part 69, pp. 1 to 64, plates 1 to 10, January 20, 1906. 
Part 70, pp. 65 to 160, plates 11 to 20, April 10, 1906. 
Part 71, pp. 161 to 272, plates 21 to 34, October 2, 1906. 
Part 72, pp. 273 to 357, plates 35 to 51, January, 1907. 
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, pp. i to xii, January, 
1907. 


CONTENTS. 


Dates of issue of the parts of Vol. XVIII ii 

Classification of the Achatinida3 v 

Geographic distribution of the Achatinidee vi 

Anatomical and systematic notes on the Stenogyrinas . . . . vii 

Descriptions of Genera and Species. 
Subfamily STENOGYRIN,E, continued. 

Genus BACILLUM Theobald 1 

TORTAXIS Pilsbry 5 

PLICAXIS Sykes 12 

PROSOPEAS Morch 14 

PERRIERIA Tapparone Canef ri 36 

HYPOLYSIA Melvill and Ponsonby 37 

EUONYMA Melvill and Ponsonby 38, 339 

CURVELLA Chaper 46, 340 

SUBULINA Beck. Old World species 71 

American species 220 

ZOOTECUS Westerlund 104, 340 

PSEUDOPEAS Putzeys. Old World species 114 

Subgenus Eremopeas Pilsbry 120 

American species 216 

Genus OPEAS Albers 122 

Old World species. 123 

Section Tomopeas Pilsbry 123 

Comoropeas Pilsbry 123 

American species 188 

Genus TRISTANIA Boettger 217 

LUNTIA E. A. Smith 218 

TORN AXIS Martens 219 

SYNAPTERPES Pilsbry 227 

(ni) 


29104 


I ( 

c I 


1 1 


( I 
I t 
( i 


IV CONTENTS. 

Subgenus Promoussonius Pilsbry 230 

Chryserpes Pilsbry 231 

Zoniferella Pilsbry 233 

Genus RHODEA H. & A. Adams 234 

OBELISCUS Beck , 240 

Subgenus Protobeliscus Pilsbry 251 

Stenogyra Shuttleworth 258 

Pseudobalea Shuttleworth 271 

Lyobasis Pilsbry 274 

Genus NEOBELISCUS Pilsbry 280 

Genus LEPTINARIA Beck 284 

Section Neosubulina E. A. Smith 287, 322 

Subgenus Ischnocion Pilsbry 287, 324 

Pelatrinia Pilsbry 287, 324 

Genus OCHRODERMA Ancey 325 

Section Ochrodermella Pilsbry 327 

Subfamily CCELIAXIN^E Pilsbry 330 

Key to genera of Cceliaxince 330 

Genus CRYPTELASMUS Pilsbry 331 

THOMEA Girard 333 

PYRGINA Greef 334 

DISTCECHIA Crosse 335 

CCELIAXIS Adams and Angas 336 

Family STREPTAXID.E. 

Genus OBELISCELLA Jousseaume 100 

APPENDIX (Homorus, Euonyma and Curvella) 338 

REFERENCE TO PLATES 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACHATINID.E 

"With references to the volume and page where each group is 

described. 

Subfamily ACHATININ^E (xvii, p. vii). 

Pseudachatina, xvi, 205. Burtoa, xvi, 298. 

Columna, xvii, 120. Limicolaria, xvi, 246. 

Archachatina, xvii, 104. Atopocochlis, xvi, 218. 

Metachatina, xvi, 307. Pseudotrochus, xvi, 219. 

Cochlitoma, xvii, 76. Perideriopsis, xvi, 241. 

Achatina, xvii, 1. ? 'Callistoplepa, xvii, 125. 

S. g. Leptocala, xvii, 72. 

Sect. Leptocallista, xvii, 75. 

Subfamily STENOGYRIKMS (xviii, p. vii). 

(Subulina phylum.} 
Subulina, xviii, 71, 220. Chilonopsis, xvii, 171. 

Sect, Nothapalus, xviii, 96. S. g. Cleostyla, xvii, 179. 

Ceras, xviii, 155. Bocageia, xvii, 191. 

Homorus, xvii, 130. ; S. g. Petriola, xvii, 216, 182. 

S. g. Subulona, xvii, 138. ? Luntia, xviii, 218. 

Bacillurn, xviii, 1. ? Tornaxis, xvii, 219. 

Pseudoglessula, xvii, 156. 

(Leptinaria phylum.) 

Leptinaria, xviii, 284. Ochroderma, xviii, 325. 
Sect. Neosubulina, xviii, 322. S. g. Ochrodermella, xviii, 
S. g. Ischnocion, xviii, 324. 327. 

S. g. Pelatrinia, xviii, 324. 

(Opeas phylum.} 

Hypolysia, xviii, 37. Pseudopeas, xviii, 114, 216. 

Curvella, xviii, 46. Sect. Eremopeas, xviii, 120. 

Opeas, xviii, 122. Prosopeas, xviii, 14. 

Sect. Tomopeas, xviii, 123. S. g. Paropeas, xviii, 14. 

Sect. Comoropeas, xviii, 123. 1 Plicaxis, xviii, 12. 

Tristania, xviii, 217. ? Perrieria, xviii, 36. 

(Rumina phylum.) 

Clavator, xvii, 192. Rumina, xvii, 211. 

Riebeckia, xvii, 204. Zootecus, xviii, 104. 

(v) 


Vi GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OP THE ACHATINIDAE. 

(Obeliseus phylum.} 

Neobeliscus, xviii, 280. Euonyma, xviii, 38. 

Obeliseus, xviii, 240. Tortaxis, xviii, 5. 

S.g. Prot obeliscus, xviii, 251. ? Synapterpes, xviii, 227. 

" Stcnogyra, xviii, 258. S. g. Promoussonius, xviii, 

" Pseudobalea, xviii, 271. 230. 

" Lyobasis, xviii, 274. S. g. Chryserpes, xviii, 231. 

Rhodea, xviii, 234. " Zoniferella, xviii, 233. 

Subfamily CCELIAXIN^ (Vol. XVIII, p. 330.) 

Cryptelasmus, xviii, 331. Distoechia, xviii, 335. 

Thomea, xviii, 333. Cceliaxis, xviii, 336. 
Pyrgina, xviii, 334. 


GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE 
ACHATINID^E. 

The distribution of Achatinidae indicates an African center 
of evolution where the group probably originated, and in 
which the main phyla and genera had their rise. The early 
members of the family are unknown or have not been 
recognized. They are to be looked for in mid-mesozoic 
deposits, with their allies the ancestral Megaspiridce and 
Clausiliidce. From the African center, Stenogyrine and Cceli- 
axine Achatinidoe migrated to South America before the in- 
terruption of land communication across the tropical Atlan- 
tic. Later, the radiation of StenogyrinaB extended to India 
and the East Indies. This probably took place in the north 
of Africa, above the area in which the subfamily Achatinince 
had meantime arisen. The Achatinince have probably never 
extended beyond their present area, being unknown in Euro- 
pean or Indian tertiary strata, or in the recent fauna out- 
side of tropical and South Africa and Madagascar, except 
where recently imported. They are a lateral branch from 
the more primitive Stenogyrince. 

The Cccliaxincc are obviously an ancient group evolved in 
mesozoic time, and now approaching extinction. 


NOTES ON THE STENOGYRINJE. Vll 

SUBFAMILY STENOGYRI1SLE. 

This very extensive subfamily, comprising 29 genera and 
about 500 species, has not before been made the subject of 
monographic research, and although a few of the genera have 
been carefully studied, there has yet been no adequate classi- 
fication of the group. 

Anatomical data are still lacking on many of the genera, 
and very few have been sufficiently investigated. A division 
of the subfamily into five series of genera or phyla is indi- 
cated by data presented in this and the preceding volumes. 
Three of these phyla are represented in Africa, Asia and 
America. The phyla are as follows : 

I. Subulina phylum. IV. Rumina phylum. 

II. Leptinaria phylum. V. Obeliscus phylum. 

III. Opeas phylum. 

Of these, phyla I, II and III are closely related, and to- 
gether form a group systematically equivalent to either of 
the others. 

I. Subulina phylum. 

The shell varies from ovate to turrite, the latter being the 
prevalent contour. The columella is truncate basally, acha- 
tinoid, and the summit is bulbous and hemispherical with 
few exceptions. 

The genera are as follows: 

America. Africa. 

Subulina. Subulina. 

Luntia. Ceras - 

Tornaxis. Homorus. 

Pseudoglessula. 

8. E. Asia. Chilonopsis. (St. Helena). 

Bacillum. Bocageia ( -f- Petriola) . 

The positions of Luntia and Tornaxis are still uncertain. 
Their soft anatomy is unknown, and I have not seen the shells. 
They may possibly be Oleacinoid. Bacillum seems most akin 


Vlll NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^. 

to Homorus. The African genera seem to be closely related 
except the insular Bocageia and Chilonopsis, which are spec- 
ialized groups. Africa is the headquarters of the Subulinoid 
group. 

Subulina octona has been described and dissected very fully 
by Wiegmann. The jaw varies from finely and closely striate 
(pi. 50, fig. 25) to plaited, the latter condition due appar- 
ently to immaturity. The radula has from 30,1,30 to 36,1,36 
teeth (pi. 51, fig. 1). The middle tooth has a well-developed 
cusp with more or less distinct traces of side cusps, especially 
in embryos, indicating a primitively tricuspid condition. The 
lateral teeth are tricuspid, and ipass gradually into the mar- 
ginal type. The latter remain tricuspid, but often the ecto- 
cone is split on the outer teeth. 

The kidney Is long, triangular, somewhat curved, 6 or 7 
mm. long, 1.8 wide at the base. It is about half as long as 
the lung and three or four times the length of the pericar- 
dium. The secondary ureter is closed throughout. 

The genitalia (pi. 50, fig. 24) are remarkable for the great 
development of the female organs, with poorly developed or 
rudimentary male organs. In immature shells of 6 mm. 
length there are eggs in the uterus, while the penis, etc., is 
very little developed, suggesting that the female organs pre- 
cede the male in functional activity. The small penis is 
simple, as in Rumina, with a terminal retractor. The uterus 
contains several at most four or five subglobular, hard- 
shelled eggs 2 to 2.1 mm. in diam., the anterior ones contain- 
ing embryo shells. The spermatheca has a very short duct. 

The right ocular retractor passes between the branches of 
the genitalia. 

The dentition of Homorus, Chilonopsis, etc., has been fig- 
ured in Vol. XVII. 

II. Leptinaria phylum. 

Ovate or turrite shells with the columella truncate at base, 
and the parietal wall usually armed with a median lamella, 
though it is often absent. Reproduction oviparous or vivip- 


NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^. IX 

arous. Radula of the ordinary Stenogyroid type. This 
group has characters of both the Subulina and the Opeas 
phyla. The genera are Leptinaria (p. 284) and Ochroderma 
(p. 325). 

III. Opeas phylum. 

Chiefly small, thin, ovate or turrite snails, usually per- 
forate or rimate, with the columellar margin dilated, straight 
or concave, passing without truncation or notch into the 
basal margin. No parietal lamella. Oviparous or viviparous. 
Dentition as in Subulina, etc. The genera follow : 

America. Africa. 8. E. Asia, etc. 
Hypolysia. 


Curvella. Curvella. 


Opeas. Tristania. Opeas. Opeas. 

Pseudopeas. Pseudopeas. Eremopeas. 

Prosopeas. 
Plicaxis. 

Perrieria. 

This phylum contains the .most widely-spread groups, such 
as Opeas, which extends into Polynesia and has been found 
in German miocene deposits, and Pseudopeas, which is repre- 
sented in South America and Africa, and in the subgenus 
Eremopeas extends into Australia, the only indigenous mem- 
ber of the Achatinidcp in that continent, Except Curvella, 
the other genera are restricted to comparatively small areas. 
Nothing is known of the soft anatomy of most of the genera. 

Opeas panayensis (pi. 50, fig. 23, after Semper) has a 
larger spermatheca duct than Sulidina octona. An egg 
dilates the uterus in the preparation figured. The kidney is 
very short. The same species was found by Wiegmann to 
have 28,1,28 teeth (pi. 51, fig. 2). There is a minute side- 
cusp on each side of the mesocone of the middle tooth. The 
laterals are nearly symmetrical, tricuspid. 

Opeas caraccasense (= - beckianum) from Misantla, V. C., 
Mexico, has been examined by Strebel. The foot (pi. 50, fig. 
22) is short, with coarse rugae, the marginal zone distinctly 


X NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^E. 

indicated. The jaw is like that of Subulina octona. The 
central tooth is very small and rudimentary, without traces 
of side-cusps. These are rather weakly developed on the 
laterals. The .genitalia are figured, pi. 50, fig. 22. The vas 
deferens is dilated before entering the penis. The penis is 
rather slender, thickened club-like towards the apex, where 
the retractor is seated. The very short-stalked spermatheca 
is inserted on the atrium, below the insertion of the penis, a 
remarkable position, which was however verified by the ex- 
amination of more than one specimen. The uterus contained 
either eggs or embryos in specimen dissected by Strebel, and 
also in shells I have opened. 

Prosopeas acutissimum has a low arcuate jaw which shows 
very fine vertical striation under a high power. Radula with 
about 38,1,38 teeth. The narrow middle tooth has a small 
cusp. The lateral teeth are tricuspid, with long, slender 
mesocones. The marginal teeth often split the ectocone (pi. 
51, fig. 5). The radula of P. tchehelense is similar. 

IV. Rumina phylum. 

This group is somewhat heterogeneous. One genus (Ru- 
mina') has a bulbous, hemispherical embryonic shell which is 
lost in the adult, and it is oviparous. The others have a 
rather conic and entire summit. Zootecus is viviparous. All 
have the shell opaque, earthy, with the columella bulimoid, 
or at least not distinctly truncate at base. The following 
genera are placed here : 

Madagascar. N. Africa, 8. Europe, 8.-E. Asia. 

Clavator. Riebeckia, Zootecus, Rumina. 

Nothing is known of the soft anatomy or reproduction of 
Clavator. The dentition of Riebeckia and the anatomy of 
Rumina have been described in vol. xvii, pp. 205, 211. 

The teeth and jaw of Zootecus have been examined by Mr. 
A. Protz (Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 1895, p. 106, pi. 8, f. 
5, 6, insularis, and f. 7, 8, pullus}, and by myself. The jaw 
is arcuate with rounded ends, with very fine vertical striae. 


NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN2E. XI 

The radula (pi. 51, fig. 10, Z. insularis) has 19,1,19 teeth in 
Z. pullus, 20,1,26 in insularis. The middle tooth is very nar- 
row, with a single ovate cusp. Laterals with a long mesocone 
and small ectocone, but no trace of an inner cusp. On the 
marginal teeth both cusps become bifid. The absence of an 
inner cusp on the side teeth is a peculiarity Zootecus shares 
with Riebeckia. 

The genus Cylindrogyra Repelin (Annales Musee d'Hist. 
Nat. de Marseille, vii, 1902, p. G3) of the Cenomanien of cen- 
tral France, may possibly belong to this phylum, but its posi- 
tion is very doubtful. Pyrguliini Matheron, t. c., p. 16, is a 
synonym of Cylindrogyra. The genus Nisopsis Matheron 
(t. c., pp. 16, 64) is placed near Cylindrogyra by Repelin. 
It is conic-turrite and umbilicate, and to me has not the ap- 
pearance of a Stenogyroid snail. 

V. Obeliscus phylum. 

Mainly large, turrite or cylindric shells, imperforate or 
nearly so, and in adults with the columella continuous with 
the basal lip or rarely weakly truncate, though the young or 
embryonic stage often has a truncate achatinoid columella. 
Most or all of the species are viviparous. Radula, so far as 
known, with unicuspid middle and tricuspid side teeth. The 
following genera belong here : 

America. Africa. 8. E. Asia. 

Neobeliscus. 

Obeliscus. Euonyma. Tortaxis. 

Rhodea. 
? Synapterpes. 

So far as we know, there is little reason to separate Obe- 
liscus, E'lioiii/iini and Tortaxis generically; yet their wide geo- 
graphic separation makes such segregation useful, pending 
an investigation of the soft anatomy. 

The anatomy of Neobeliscus has been described in some de- 
tail in the text. The teeth of Obeliscus are described below. 
Nothing is known of the soft parts of the other genera. 

The radula of Obeliscus obeliscus (pi. 51, fig. 9) resembles 


XI! NOTES ON THE STENOGYRIN^. 

vt-ry closely that of Neobeliscus. Like the young Neobeliscus, 
there is a small cusp on the middle tooth, but no overhanging 
cutting point, The lateral teeth are like those of Neobeliscus, 
all being tricuspid. Marginal teeth not seen, the radula ex- 
amined being fragmentary, taken from the remains washed 
from a dry shell. 


ACHATINIM [Continued] 


Genus BACILLUM Theobald. 

Bacillum THEOBALD in Hanley and Theobald, Conchologia 
Indica, p. 17, for Achatina obtusa Blanf. and A. cassiaca 
Bens. Achatina, Glessula and Stenogyra of various authors. 

Shell rather large, solid, imperforate turrited, many- 
whorled, a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit, 
the embryonic shell cylindric; sculpture of vertical rib-striae 
beginning somewhere upon the first whorl (pi. 1, fig. 12) ; 
the post-embryonic whorls being obliquely, regularly rib- 
striate. Aperture oblique, Achatinoid, the columella con- 
cave, truncate at the base, outer lip simple. Internal axis 
slender, strongly sigmoid within each whorl. Soft anatomy 
unknown. Type B. cassiacum. 

Distribution, eastern India. Figured on plate 1. 

This group would hardly be thought distinct from Homorus 
were it not well separated geographically from that African 
genus, at least in the recent fauna. Almost the sole distin- 
guishing feature is the stronger sculpture of Bacillum. Both 
groups are merely large and solid forms of the Subulina type, 
so far as the shells are concerned. 

1. B. OBTUSUM (Blanford). PL 1, fig. 1. 

Shell elongate-turrited, whitish corneous, waxy, rather 
solid, closely flexuously plicate-striate, plicate under the 
suture. Spire lengthened, subcylindric towards the apex, 
which is very obtuse and papillar. Suture slightly impressed, 
somewhat crenulated. Whorls 12 to 14, nearly flat, the last 
subangulate at the periphery. Aperture oblique, subovate; 
peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 48 to 52, diam. 10 to 

(1) 


6 BACILLUM. 

11, length of aperture 10 to 11, width 5 to 5.5 mm. ; apex 3 
mm. wide (W. T. Blanf.). 

Bhamo, Ava (Blanf ord). 

Achatina (Glessula) obtusa BLANF., P. Z. S., 1869, p. 449. 
HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind., p. 17, pi. 36, f. 6. PFE., 
Monogr., viii, p. 290. Not Achatina obtusa Pfr., Monogr., ii, 
281, which was originally described as a Glandina. 

"Very close to A. cassiaca Bens., but distinguished by finer 
sculpture, narrower and less numerous whorls, and much 
more obtuse apex." 

2. B. ORTHOCERAS (Godwin-Austen) . PI. 1, figs. 2, 3, 12. 

"Shell very slender and elongate, pale gray or white, very 
finely and regularly ribbed throughout, very solid, apex 
blunt; whorls 13 to 14, slightly rounded, suture well im- 
pressed; aperture oblique, rounded below, outer lip sharply 
edged and continued as a well-developed callus upon the 
strong, thickened columellar margin. Length 2.32, major 
diam. 0.4 in." (Godwin- Austen} . 

Khasi Hills. 

Glessula orthoceras G.-A., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xliv, 
part ii, 1875, p. 2, pi. 1, f. 4. Achatina o., PFR., Monogr., 
viii, p. 289. Stenogyra (Glessula} o., G. NEVILL, Hand List 
Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 172. 

' ' Abundant on the nummulitic limestone of the West Khasi 
Hills, particularly near Nongumlai, where the finest speci- 
mens were collected; a smaller variety occurred on the peak 
of Laudomodo on gneiss, and was not so solid. This species 
can be at once distinguished from G. cassiaca Bs. by its white 
color and by the absence of the dark brown epidermis that 
covers the latter; the whorls also are much more rounded, 
whereas in cassiaca they are nearly flat. It is very close to 
G. obtusa W. Blf., brought from Yunan by Dr. J. Anderson, 
but is altogether a larger shell and differs in its general form. 

' ' Fine Glessula cassiaca I only found to the eastward in the 
Naga Hills, whence I suspect Griffith's specimens were ob- 
tained and sent to Benson, who imagined they were from the 
Khasi Hills" (Godwin- Aust en} . 


BACILLUM. 3 

A specimen before me measures: length 62, diam. 11, 
length of aperture 12.2 mm. ; whorls 14. The apex is of the 
round-topped cylindric type. Initial three-fourths of a whorl 
smooth (worn in the specimen seen) ; fine vertical rib-striae 
then set in. The third and fourth whorls do not increase in 
diameter over the second; but with the fifth a regular but 
slow increase begins. This specimen (figs. 3, 12), agrees with 
the type description and figure except that the columella is 
less curved. 

Nevill gives the following localities for specimens in the 
Indian Museum: Khasi Hills, Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen) ; 
Assam, a young sinistral specimen (Stoliczka) ; and, doubt- 
fully, Andarnans, on the assertion of a native collector. 

2a. B. orthoceras austeni n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 4. 

Shell with the gray color, deficient cuticle and convex 
whorls of B. orthoceras, but much more rapidly tapering, the 
last whorl being much wider; striation coarser. Spire 
straightly tapering, very slender above. The early whorls are 
broken from the type specimen, 9y 2 remaining. Length 
(broken) 53.8, diam. 12, length of aperture 12.5 mm. 

Naga Hills (coll. A. N. S. P., from a London dealer). 

In a similarly broken specimen of B. cassiacum of about 
the same length as the type of Austeni there are eleven whorls 
remaining, and the shell measures: length 52, diam. 10, 
length of aperture 11 mm. 

3. B. CASSIACUM ('Bens.' Eve.). PI. 1, figs. 5, 6, 7. 

Shell elongate-subulate, solid, closely and rudely obliquely 
plicate; white, covered with an olivaceous-brown cuticle. 
Spire lengthened, the apex subpapillar. Whorls 14 to 15, 
flattened, the last subangulate peripherally. Columella 
strongly arcuate, abruptly truncated. Aperture subrhombic- 
semioval; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 64, diam. 
12, aperture 13x7 mm. (Pfr., from spec, in Benson coll.). 

Naga Hills; Toruputu, 7,000 ft. (Godwin- Austen). 

Achatina cassiaca Bens, mss., REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 
17, f. 85 (June, 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 499; iv, 615; 


4 BACILLUM. 

vi, 234; Conchyl. Cab., p. 310, pi. 25, f. 1. GODWIN-AUSTEN, 
P. Z. S., 1872, p. 517, foot-note. Electro, casiaca Bens., HANL. 
& THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 36, f. 5. Glessula casiaca G.-Ausi., 
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xliv, pt. 2, 1875, p. 3. Stenogyra 
(Glessula) casiaca Bens., NEVILL, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., 
i, 172. 

In 1872 God win- Austen stated that " the type of A. casiaca 
in Benson's collection is a shell I obtained in the Naga Hills, 
but never in the Khasi ; ' ' the latter being a different species, 
which he described in 1875 as Glessula orthoceras. The local- 
ity "Cassia Hills" given by Reeve on Griffith's authority is 
erroneous. 

A small specimen stated to be from the N. Cachar Hills, is 
figured, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7. It measures : length 52, diam. 10, 
length of aperture 11 mm. The apex is broken. Fig. 5 is a 
copy of Reeve's type figure. 

4. B. THEOBALDI (Hanley). PI. 1, fig. 8. 

"Differs from A. cassiaca, of which it has been considered 
a variety, by its smoothness, more convex whorls, etc." (Hani. 
& Theol).). 

Near the Salwin river, Shan States (Fedden). 

Ackatina theobaldi Hanley in HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. 
Indica, p. 9, pi. 17, f. 5. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 290. Acha- 
tina (Glessula) theobaldiana Hanley, THEOBALD, J. A. S. B., 
xxxix, 1870, p. 395. Stenogyra (Glessula) theobaldiana 
Hani., NEVILL, Hand List, p. 172. 

No full description of this species has been published. 

5. B. EROSUM (Blanford). PI. 1, figs. 9, 10, 11. 

Shell long-turrited, rather thick, but little shining, hardly 
diaphanous, longitudinally obliquely striate, covered with a 
brownish straw-colored epidermis. Spire turrited, the sides 
a little convex, apex truncate, the apical whorls wanting, 7 
nearly flat ones remaining; upper whorls more or less de- 
nuded and worn; suture impressed. Aperture oblique, an- 
gular behind, milk-white within. Peristome simple, acute. 
Columella lightly arcuate, obliquely truncate at the base 
(Blanf.) . 


TORTAXIS. 5 

Length 35, diam. 10, aperture 10x5 mm. 

Length 36, diam. 10.5, aperture 10x5 mm. 

Length 34, diam. 9, aperture 9x5 mm. 

Darjeeling, in forest at the waterfall (Stoliczka). 

Glessula erosa BLANF., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, 1871, 
p. 43, pL 2, f. 7, la. Achatina e., HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. 
Ind., pi. 78, f. 5. PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 283. 

"This species is easily distinguished from its local associate 
G. tenuispira Bens, by its thickness and opacity, and by the 
character of the surface, which has none of the vitreous lustre 
so characteristic of most species of the genus. The upper 
whorls are generally much eroded; the lower, which retain 
the epidermis, are of a dark straw-color with darker oblique 
bands at intervals, apparently, marking stages of growth. 
Under a lens very fine dark spiral lines are also perceptible" 
(Blanford}. 

Genus TORTAXIS Pilsbry, n. gen. 

Spiraxis, Euspiraxis and Stenogyra, in part, of authors. 

Shell Stenogyroid, rather large, imperforate or narrowly 
rimate, turrited or cylindric-turrited with large, obtuse (but 
not bulbous or cylindric) apex, the first two whorls smooth, 
the rest glossy, rather weakly striate, convex. Aperture 
ovate, the outer lip simple or with expanded edge, columella 
concave above, having a spiral callous fold below, obliquely 
or vertically truncate at the base. Type T. erectus (Bens.). 

Distribution, southern China, Tonkin and Laos. 

Most of the species are figured on plate 2. 

This group differs from Prosopeas chiefly by the shape of 
the columella, The shell is also smoother and less attenuate 
above, and the growth-stria? bend forward less. It is not 
closely related to the true American Spiraxis. 

These snails are apparently viviparous. A young shell out 
of T. liLbricus is globose, of 2y 2 whorls, umbilicate, with a 
short, concave columella which is obliquely truncated, Acha- 
tina-Yike at the base. Diam. and alt. 2 mm. (pi. 12, fig. 1). 

Stenogyra pachygyra Gredler, which has much the contour 


O TORTAXIS. 

of Tort axis, was later shown to be an Elma, family Strep- 
taxidss (Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1890, p. 148). 

The axis is but slightly sinuated in the whorls of the spire, 
not strongly so as in Bacillum. 

1. T. SUPERBUS Mlldff. 

Shell rimate, rather ventricosely turrited, rather solid, ob- 
liquely curved striatulate and decussated with spiral lines, 
greenish-yellow; apex obtuse. Whorls 9, a little convex, 
noticeably increasing, the last inflated, not descending. 
Aperture oblique, truncate-oval; peristome a little expanded, 
very much thickened, the columellar margin dilated, not trun- 
cated or twisted below. Length 40, diam. 11.5, aperture lOx 
7.5 mm. (Mlldff.}. 

China: Heng-shan-hsien, prov. Hunan (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra ( f Opeas) superba MLLDFF., Nachrbl. d. in. 
Ges., 1888, p. 44. 

By the umbilical crevice and shape of the columella this 
appears to belong to the section Opeas, but it differs widely 
from the typical species of that group by the great size and 
thick peristome (Mlldff.). 

2. T. PALUS (Heude). PI. 12, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell of moderate size, long-turriculate ; spire strongly 
attenuate, long-conic. Whorls 14, flattened, the upper mar- 
gin crenulate, joined by a scalar suture, the last acute at the 
base. Aperture oval. Length 28, diam. 6 mm. (Hde.). 

China: Kuang-si. 

Stenogyra palus HDE., Notes sur les Moll. terr. de la Vallee 
du fleuve Bleu, p. 151, pi. 38, f. 25. 

The generic position of this form is uncertain. 

3. T. CHINENSIS (Pfeiffer). 

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, under a lens seen to have hair- 
like strias, glossy, pellucid, waxen-hyaline. Spire lengthened, 
the apex rather obtuse, whorls 6, moderately convex, the last 
one-third the total length, somewhat tapering basally. Aper- 
ture subvertical, oblong. Columella callous, somewhat 


TORTAXIS. 7 

twisted, almost vertically truncate at the base. Peristome 
simple and thin. Length 1, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.33x1.5 
mm. (Pfr.). 

Shanghai, China (Fortune, in Mus. Cuming). 

Achatina chinensis PPR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 294; Mono- 
graphia, iv, p. 614. 

This* small species has not been figured. It seems from the 
"almost vertically truncate columella" to be a Tortaxis rather 
than a S-ubulina. According to von Moellendorff, the species 
reported by Fortune and others from "Shanghai' 3 really 
came from the tea district in the interior of the province. 

Compare also Opeas layardi etc., which may be the nearest 
allies of this species. 

4. T. MANDARINUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 2, figs. 27, 28, 29. 

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrited, rather solid, smooth, 
glossy, buff- waxen. Spire long, the apex attenuate, obtuse; 
suture margined. Whorls 8, the first rounded, the rest mod- 
erately convex, last whorl about one-fourth the total length, 
rounded basally; columella callous, twisted, subduplicate. 
Aperture oblique, elliptic-oval; peristome simple, unex- 
panded, the right margin arching forward above. Length 
23, diam. 6 mm., aperture scarcely 6 mm. long, 3.5 wide 
(P/r.). 

China (Mus. Cuming). Province Kuang-tung (Gredler). 

Spiraxis mandarina PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 9 ; Monogr., iv, 
p. 573. Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) m., GREDLER, Malak. Bl., 
ix, p. 142. 

This species has not hitherto been figured. Specimens said 
to be from Canton are before me, two being figured on my 
plate. The shell differs from T. erecta var. fuchsiana by its 
more slender shape, shorter aperture, and the form of the 
columella, which in profile (fig. 29) appears doubly plicate. 
Two specimens measure : 

Length 22, diam. 6.1, aperture 6.2 mm.; whorls 8. 

Length 28, diam. 7, aperture 7 mm.; whorls 9. 

5. T. ERECTUS (Benson). PI. 2, figs. 24, 25, 26. 

Shell whitish, rather solid, subulate-turrited, epidermis 


8 TORTAXIS. 

dirty, scabrous. Whorls 8, planulate, the suture impressed; 
apex obtuse (Bens.). 

Middle and southern China: Chusan, in company with 
Clausilia aculus; Macao (Dr. Cantor); Siam. 

Achatina erecta BENSON, Ann. and Mag. N. H., ix, August, 
1842, p. 487. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 16, f. 69. PPR., 
Monogr., ii, p. 265; iii, 500; iv, 573; vi, 190; Conchyl. Cab., 
p. 333, pi. 28, f. 6, 7 ; P. Z. S., 1855, p. 9.Stenogyra erecta 
MARTENS, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 9?;0stas. Zool., p. 52, 83 (Siam). 
NEVILL, Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., i, p. 164 (Shanghai, 
Tonnerre). MLLDFF., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., viii, 1881, p. 302, 
304 (Canton). MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 128 
(Ajuthia, Siam). GREDLER, Mai. Bl. (n. F.), ix, 1887, p. 
142. Spiraxis erectus Bens., FISCHER & DAUTZ., Mission 
Pavie Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411. 

Benson's very incomplete description is given above. The 
shell is imperforate, cylindric-turrited, with a very obtuse 
apex; rather solid though thin, straw-colored or greenish- 
yellow, but slightly translucent, very glossy, sculptured with 
arcuate and rather weak growth-wrinkles. "Whorls 7!/2> mod- 
erately convex. Apex rounded, smooth. Aperture oblique, 
ovate, the outer lip acute, arched forward just below the 
upper insertion. Columella strongly concave above, white- 
calloused below, and obliquely truncated at the base, the 
truncation vertical. Length 20.7, diam. 6 mm., length of 
aperture 6 mm. 

It is wider and less elongated than T. mandarinus or T. 
lubricus and is more cylindric and more delicate than T. 
minis. Specimens from Kuang-tung sent by Mr. B. 
Schmacker are larger than the form considered typical of 
erecta by Reeve and Pfeiffer, with 8y 2 strongly convex 
whorls. One is figured in pi. 2, figs. 24, 25. The lip is ob- 
tuse, though not thickened outside. Specimens measure: 
length 24.5, diam. 6.8, aperture 6.7 mm. ; length 24, diam. 
6.7, length of aperture 6.9 mm. 

6. T. MIRUS (Gredler). PI. 2, fig. 18. 

Shell imperforate, turriculate, rather solid, irregularly 


TORTAXIS. 9 

striatulate, more strongly so at the suture, glossy and trans- 
lucid, pale greenish-yellow. Apex obtuse. Whorls 9, convex, 
the last slightly tapering to the base, suture deep. Aperture 
quadrilateral-ovate, oblique. Peristome a little expanded, 
thickened, the columellar margin short, adnate, arcuately re- 
ceding; columella twisted, not truncate at the base, though 
angularly channelled. Length 28, diam. 7.75, aperture alt. 7, 
width 4 mm. (Gredl.) . 

China: a mountain near Yin-tchu-fu (or Hen-tchu-fu), 
Hunan (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra (Euspiraxis) mira GREDL., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., 
xi, 1884, p. 146, pi. 3, f. 3; Mai. Bl. n. F., ix, 1887, p. 142.- 
ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, 1885, p. 133, with var. 
megeana. Stenogyra fuchsiana Heude, Notes Moll. terr. Val- 
lee fleuve Bleu, p. 117, pi. 30, f. 16 (1884). 

' ' This largest of the Chinese species is distinguished by its 
unusual size, and more by the twisted axis which recalls Aclia- 
tina, and by the nearly quadrangular aperture. ' ' 

Mr. Ancey has commented upon specimens from Kuang- 
yien-shien, prov. Setchuan, measuring 27x8 mm., noting that 
Gredler's figure is defective in that the spire is shown too 
much attenuated and the apical whorls too small. I have not 
seen topotypes, and therefore hesitate to criticize Gredler's 
figure, which I have copied, pi. 2, fig. 18. 

6a. Var. fuchsianus Heude. PI. 2, figs. 19, 20, 21, 22. 

The specimens before me (pi. 2, figs. 19, 20) are from 
Heng-Shan-Hsien, prov. Hunan, received from B. Schmaeker. 
Two measure as follows: 

Length 27, diam. 8, length of aperture 8 mm. 

Length 28, diam. 8, length of aperture 8 mm. 

There are 8y 2 convex whorls. The aperture is oblique, the 
outer lip only perceptibly arched forward below the upper 
insertion, the edge being narrowly expanded. There is a nar- 
row umbilical slit behind the reflexed columellar lip. The 
surface is greenish-yellow, sculptured weakly with growth- 
wrinkles, which are hardly noticeably stronger below the 
suture. The apex is much larger than figured by Gredler for 


10 TORTAXIS. 

mira. These specimens are apparently the same as those com- 
mented on by Mr. Ancey and those described by Heude as 
Stenogyra fuchsiana, and differ from mira in the larger apex, 
perforate axis, larger aperture, etc. 

Heude 's type (pi. 2, figs. 21, 22) measured 27x9 mm., with 
8 whorls, and was from Pao-k'ing-fu, in southern Hunan, col- 
lected by Fuchs. 

6&. Var. megeanus Ancey differs from the type by the 
smaller size, shorter form and number of whorls. Length 25, 
diam. 8, alt. aperture 7 mm., whorls 9 (Ancey). 

Kuang-Yien-Shien, prov. Setchuen, China (Abbe Mege). 

7. T. PERMIRUS (Ancey). PI. 2, figs. 15, 16, 17. 

Shell solid, imperforate, elongate-turrite, with an oily gloss. 
Spire regularly conic-tapering, the apex obtuse. "Whorls 10, 
regularly increasing, parted by an impressed suture, the first 
smooth, the rest ornamented by obsolete striae more distinct 
at the suture. Last whorl hardly ascending, tapering below. 
Aperture distinctly oblique, irregularly oval, narrowed at 
both ends, angular above. Columella thick, a little arcuate, 
then twisted-plicate, nearly vertically truncate, and forming 
an angle with the base. Lip thickened, obtuse, subpatulous, 
the margins remote, joined by a strong and adnate callus. 
Color greenish-corneous, the apex a little paler, peristome 
white. Length 32, diam. 10, aperture 10 mm. high, 7 wide 
( Ancey) . 

Tonkin: That-Khe (Messager). 

Spiraxis pcrmira ANC., Journ. de Conch., li, 1903, p. 219, pi. 
9, f. 17-20, with var. multiplicata Anc., p. 220, pi. 9, f. 21, 22. 

This species especially approaches 8. mira Gredler of 
Hunan, but the aperture is more ample, the columella less 
arcuate, less abruptly truncate, etc. (Anc.). 

la. Var. multiplicatus Anc. PI. 2, fig. 23. 

Differs from the type by its more strongly longitudinally 
striate or even plicate surface. 

8. T. PILSBRYI (Ancey). PI. 2, figs. 13, 14. 

Shell rather solid, imperforate, lengthened- turrited, little 


TORTAXIS. 11 

shining. Spire much produced and long-tapering, the apex 
large and obtuse. Whorls 11, a little convex, the first smooth, 
the rest ornamented with close, slightly oblique, irregular, 
longitudinal stria?, plicate at the suture. Suture impressed 
and lacerated by the plicee. Last whorl oblong, tapering 
above. Aperture distinctly oblique, oblong, tapering above, 
the margins joined by a glossy callus. Columella at first 
arcuate above, posteriorly thickened and vertically truncate- 
plicate. Lip arcuate, acute but a little thickened, but with- 
out marginal lip. Color greenish-corneous. Alt. 33, diam. 8, 
aperture 7 mm. high, 5 wide (Anc.) . 

Tonkin: Bac-Kan and That-Khe (Messager). 

Spiraxis pilsbryi ANC., Journ. de Conch., li, 1903, p. 218, 
pi. 9, f. 15, 16. 

This species is distinguished by the more cylindric form, 
more narrowly lengthened, its aperture less high, and its peri- 
stome not so much thickened (Anc.). 

9. T. LUBRICUS (Dautzenberg). PI. 2, figs. 30, 31. 

Shell imperforate, thin but rather strong, yellowish-corne- 
ous, slightly translucent, cylindric-turrited, the apex very 
obtuse. Whorls fully 9, quite convex, the apex rounded, 
rather large, first two whorls smooth, the rest striatulate, the 
stria? a trifle stronger and retracted near the suture. Aper- 
ture small, ovate, slightly oblique, the outer lip thin ; arched 
forward above. Columella concave above, then convex and 
calloused, obliquely truncate below. 

Length 23.5, diam. 6, length aperture 5.9 mm. ; whorls 914. 

Length 23, diam. 5.7, length aperture 5.8 mm. ; whorls 9*4. 

Length 20, diam. 5, length aperture 5.3 mm.; whorls 8y 2 . 

Tonkin, near Haiphong. 

Described and figured from specimens supplied by Mr. 
Dautzenberg, but I have been unable to find the original de- 
scription. It is a more slender, lengthened shell than T. 
erectus; narrower and more cylindric than T. mandarinus. 

A young shell fell out of one of the specimens. It is glob- 
ular, about 2 mm. diam. and alt., with strongly truncate 
columella (pi. 12, fig. 1). 


12 PLICAXIS. 

10. T. PFEIFFERI (Menke). PI. 4, figs. 21, 22. 

Shell oblong-turrited, rather solid, lightly striate, but little 
shining, Avaxy-buff. Spire long, the apex obtuse, suture mod- 
erately impressed. Whorls 8, equally and slightly convex, 
the last slightly exceeding a fourth the total length, base 
slightly tapering. Coluniella white-calloused, slightly twisted. 
Aperture suboblique, elliptical-oval; peristome simple, unex- 
panded, the right margin dilated forward. Length 19, diam. 
5.5, length of aperture 5, width 3 mm. (Pfr.) . 

Touranne, Cochin China; Annam (Fruhstorfer). 

Spiraxis pfeifferi MKE., Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 68. PFR., 
Novit. Conch., i, p. 103, pi. 29, f . 7, 8 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, 
573. Prosopeas p., MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., 1900, 
p. 134. 

11. T. SERVAINI (Mabille). PI. 4, fig. 6. 

Shell oblong-subcylindrie, hyaline, delicate, rather solid, 
glossy, slightly striatulate under a lens. Spire elongate, the 
apex obtuse, mamillate. Whorls 8, convex, separated by an 
impressed, narrowly margined suture, the last whorl cylin- 
dric, nearly one-third the total length, rather swollen basally, 
slightly tapering. Aperture subvertical, ovate, angular be- 
low; columella a little thickened, arcuate, slightly and ob- 
liquely truncate at the base ; outer margin a little curved 
forward; parietal callus very thin. Length 20, diam. 6 mm. 
(Mob.}. 

Tonkin (Balansa). 

Siibulina servaini J. MABILLE, Moll. Tonk. diagn., p. 10 
(May 14, 1887) ; Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 104, 
pi. 4, f. 13. 

The original figure, which I have copied, is evidently so 
poor as to be practically worthless. 

Genus PLICAXIS Sykes, 1903. 

Plicaxis SYKES, Journal of Malacology, x, p. 1, March 31, 
1903. ? Rltodina DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, May, 1885, p. 
68. Not Khodina Guenee, 1854. 

Shell imperforate, dextral, cylindric, striate, the early 


PLICAXIS. 13 

whorls smooth, apex obtuse; whorls numerous (10-13 in 
known species). Aperture irregularly piriform, the columella 
excavated below, prominent at its junction with the parietal 
wall. Soft anatomy unknown. 

Type P. mirdbilis. Distribution, Perak, Malay Peninsula. 

No definition of this group has been published by Mr. 
Sykes, but its special character seems to be the presence of a 
prominence on the axial border, invading the aperture. In 
P. mirdbilis the columella seems to be slightly twisted, and the 
parietal wall bulges above it; in P. perakensis the columella 
seems to describe a wide spiral gyration. Otherwise the shell 
is like Prosopeas. The two species seem from the published 
figures to differ in columellar structure, and that they be- 
long together is not at all certain. 

1. P. MIRABILIS (Sykes). PI. 4, figs. 1, 2. 

' ' Shell recalling in form Bhodina perakensis de Morgan, but 
the earlier whorls increase more rapidly, and the lower half 
of the shell has a more cylindrical appearance. The colu- 
mella is twisted, and a revolving keel encircles the base and 
ascends spirally into the shell, about half way up the colu- 
mella wall ; in addition, another keel is visible from the junc- 
tion of the suture line and the outer lip until, revolving 
round the periphery, it fades out where it bisects the outer 
lip. Whorls 13, earlier ones smooth, later ones strongly 
striate. Alt. 24.5, diam. max. 3.5 mm." (Sykes}. 

Malay Peninsula : Kelantan (J. Waterstradt). 

Rliodina (?) mirdbilis SYKES, Journal of Malacology, ix, 
1902, p. 22; t. c., p. 61, pi. 3, f. 2; x, p. 1. 

This species is the type of the genus Plicaxis, though Mr. 
Sykes did not actually use the combination Plicaxis mirdbilis. 

2. P. PERAKENSIS (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 3, 4, 5. 

Shell cylindric, subulate, fragile, brown, corneous, com- 
posed of 10 regularly convoluted whorls ; stria? of growth very 
well marked and irregular; suture linear and very strongly 
impressed. Aperture triangular, oblique, at an angle of 
about 30 degrees with the axis of the shell ; peristorne straight 


14 PROSOPEAS. 

and thin; cohimellar margin much reflexed. Length 25, diam. 
in the middle 3.5, diam. of the last whorl 4.5 mm. ; length of 
aperture 5, width 3 mm. Color corneous-yellow (de Morg.}. 

Perak: Mt. Tchora, near Ipoh (Kinta), among dead leaves 
gathered between limestone blocks, one specimen (de Morg.}. 

Rhodina perakensis DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, iii, 7e 
annee, May, 1885, p. 68 ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. 
390, pi. 6 i f. 9. 

Genus PROSOPEAS Morch, 1876. 

Prosopeas MORCH, Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, p. 358, for 
Bulimus roepstorfi and B. achates. 

Shell Stenogyroid, of moderate or large size, imperforate 
or nearly so, with rather small, seiniglobose apex, the first 2 
whorls typically smooth (but ribbed in the s.-g. Paropeas], 
later whorls very densely sculptured ivith fine oblique stricc 
luhich are arched forward above and retracted to the suture. 
Aperture ovate, columella straight or concave, continuous 
with the basal margin below, slightly or not folded above, 
with a reflexed, adnate margin. Axis slender, straight or 
nearly so. Reproduction by globular, calcareous-shelled eggs, 
as in Opeas. Type P. roepstorfi. 

Distribution, East Indies, Philippines, north to China. 

The species are illustrated on plates 3, 4, 5. 

Prosopeas as at present limited contains species of some- 
what diverse structure, falling into three subsidiary groups : 

1. Prosopeas s. str. First two whorls smooth, forming a 
rounded apex (pi. 4, fig. 8). P. roepstorfi, P. tchchelense, 
etc. 

2. Section Paropeas Pils., n. s.-g. First two or two and a 
half whorls vertically ribbed (pi. 3, fig. 88), apex rounded; 
shell thin. P. aculissimum (type of the subgenus), holoseri- 
cum, paioense, argent cum, lombockense, etc. 

3. Group of P. liauglitoni. Large and solid, the apex 
rather conic, apparently ribbed, but worn in all the specimens 
seen. P. lunnjliloni, P. pealei, and perhaps P. cochliodes and 
the other large Philippean species, and P. carolinum. 


PROSOPEAS. 15 

Many of the descriptions do not mention the apical sculp- 
ture, and frequently in the larger forms it cannot be made 
out in adult shells owing to erosion ; so that at present these 
characters cannot be utilized in the arrangement of the species. 
Most of those known from Lombock, Java and Sumatra be- 
long to the subgenus Paropeas, while further north Prosopeas 
proper predominates. 

Opeas hedeius and 0. fagoti of Mabille, described from 
Tonkin, may belong to Prosopeas, but they have not been 
figured and their position is uncertain. 

Distribution of Species of Prosopeas. 

Philippine species : P. suturale, no. 1 ; P. cocldiodes, no. 2 ; 

P. rhodiniforme, no. 3; P. elongatulum, no. 4; P. 

pagoda, no. 5; P. quadrasi, no. 6; P. romblonicum, no. 

7; P. macilentum, no. 8. 
Caroline Is. : P. carolinum, no. 9. 
East Indian species: 

Moluccas: P. elongatulum, no. 4. 

Celebes : P. gorontalensis, no. 10. 

Lombock : P. lombockense, no. 12 ; P. discernibilis, no. 11. 

Java : P. achatinaceum, no. 13 ; P. acutissimum, no. 14 ; 

P. hochstetteri, no. 15 ; P. liolosericum, no. 16. 
Sumatra (including Enganio) : P. liolosericum, no. 16; 

P. paioense, no. 18 ; P. laxispira, no. 19 ; P. argenteum, 

no. 17. 

Nicobar Is. : P. roepstorfi, no. 20 ; P. achates, no. 21. 
Andaman Is. : P. haughtoni, no. 22 ; P. pealei, no. 23 ; P. 

tualkeri, no. 24. 
Asiatic species, Malay Peninsula to Burma: P. walkeri, no. 

24; P. turricula, no. 25; P. terebralis, no. 26; P. tche- 

helense, no. 27 ; P. swettenhami, no. 28 ; P. hebes, no. 29. 
Anam, Laos, Tonquin : P. anceyi, no. 30 ; P. henrici, no. 31. 
Hainan: P. teres, no. 32. 
China : P. decorticatum, no. 33 ; P. striatissimum, no. 34. 

1. P. SUTURALE Moellendorff. PI. 5, figs. 23, 24. 

Shell nearly subrimate, long-turrite, thin, glossy, corneous- 


16 PROSOPEAS. 

whitish; spire turn ted, the sides very slightly convex, the 
apex rather acute. Whorls S 1 /?, very slowly increasing, sep- 
arated by an impressed, submargined suture, the upper ones 
somewhat convex, the later whorls flat in the middle, striat- 
ulate, the stride oblique, sigmoid ; last whorl one-third the 
shell 's length. Aperture oblique, seraioval ; peristonie simple, 
acute, the right margin somewhat protracted above, columel- 
lar margin oblique, somewhat straightened, and closing the 
umbilical crevice with a distinct callus. Columella slightly 
twisted, obliquely entering, the median part flattened, base 
slightly emarginate, not truncate. Length 50.5, diam. 8.12, 
aperture 9.5 mm. long, width (including callus) 5 mm. 


Cebu: village of Tuburan, on the west coast. 

Prosopeas suturale MLLDPF., Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges., 
1890, p. 246, pi. 8, f. 10. 

Related to P. pagoda Semp. of Montalban, from which it 
differs by the smaller number of whorls of full-grown shells, 
convexly-turrited shape, higher and broader shell, and by 
having no angle between coluuiellar and basal margins of 
the mouth. Like other species of this difficult group, it varies 
in the relative width of the shell. A specimen was found 
only 7.37 mm. wide with a length of 30.5. Another is 8.25 
wide, length 25.5 mm. 

2. P. COCHLIODES (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 25, 26, 27. 

Shell imperforate, turrited, solid, obliquely regularly stri- 
ate, whitish; apex rather obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 
9, rather flattened, the last one-fourth the total length. Colu- 
mella somewhat thickened. Aperture oblong-oval; peristonie 
simple, unexpanded. Length 48, diam. 12, aperture 12.5x6 
mm. (P/V.). 

Philippines: Cuyo (Cuming). Sibuyan (Mlldff.). Tablas 
(Mlldff., subsp. planogyra). 

Biilhn-us cochliodes PFR., P. Z. S., 1842, p. 151; Monogr., 
ii, 152. Bulimus cochleades REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 14, 
f. 82. Prosopeas c., MLLDFF., with mut. extensa Mlldff. and 
subsp. planoyyra Mlldff., Abhandl. Nat. Ges. Gorlitz, xxii, 
1898, p. 155. 


PROSOPEAS. 17 

In this large, solid species the early whorls are usually 
worn in adults. I do not know whether they are costulate or 
not. The columella in adult but not aged shells is narrow 
and nearly straight, as usual in Prosopeas, but in old shells 
it becomes very thick inwardly, and tapers strongly to the 
base. The aperture is quite oblique. Three specimens from 
Sibuyan (pi. 5, figs. 26, 27) measure- 
Length 42, diam. 10, length aperture 11.5 mm., whorls 
Length 44.5, diain. 9.5, length aperture 11 mm., whorls 
Length 37.5, diani. 9.5, length aperture 11.3 mm., whorls 9. 
Reeve's figure is copied, fig. 25. The varieties mentioned 
by von Moellendorff have not yet been described. 

3. P. RHODIN^EFORME Moellendorff. 

Shell not rimate, slenderly cylindric-fusiform, thin, sub- 
pellucid, delicately striate-silky, pale straw-colored. Whorls 
10, rather rapidly increasing, parted by slightly impressed 
sutures, flattened, the last and penultimate nearly equal in 
height. Aperture moderately oblique, drop-shaped; peri- 
stome simple, acute, the right margin strongly arcuate. Colu- 
mella not truncate, callous, well arched below, strongly twisted 
above, elevated like a lamella, spirally receding. 

Length 33.5, diam. 6.5 mm. 

Length 28, diam. 7 mm. (Mlldff.}. 

Sibuyan (C. Roebelen) ; Tablas. 

Prosopeas rhodin&forme MLLDFF., Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 
xxvi, p. 115, August, 1894. 

4. P. ELONGATULUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 28, 29. 

Shell imperf orate, subulate, rather solid ; under a very thin 
cuticle it is striate, sometimes obsoletely decussate, white; 
spire subulate, acute. Whorls 8, flattened, the last nearly 
one- third the length. Columella slightly receding, callous, 
flat. Aperture oblong-oval ; peristome simple, the right mar- 
gin somewhat arched forward; columellar margin receding, 
somewhat thickened, appressed. Length 24, diam. 5.66, length 
of aperture 7, width 3.33 mm. (P/r.). 

Luzon .- Calanang ( Cuming) . March, in the Ternate group 
of the Moluccas (Martens). 


18 PROSOPEAS. 

Bulimus elongatulus PPR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 42; Monogr., 
ii, p. 154; iii, 391; iv, 453; vi, 91; Conchyl. Cab., p. 197, pi. 
30, f. 5, 6. REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 14, f. 80. Stenogyra e., 
MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 373 ; Jahrb. D. M. Ges., 
ii, 1875, p. 83, footnote. Prosopeas e., MLLDFF., Verzeichniss, 
p. 155. 

5. P. PAGODA (Semper). 

Shell imperf orate, subulate, glossy, lightly striatulate, yellow- 
ish, hyaline ; apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 7V 2 , nearly flat, gradu- 
ally increasing, the last tapering below. Aperture subvertical, 
ovate-trigonal; columellar margin almost straight, somewhat 
callous below, subtruncate, not reflexed at the insertion. 
Length 16-19, diam. 5-5.5, alt. of aperture 6-6.5, width 3 mm. 
The penult, whorl is to the last as l:! 3 /4 (Semper). 

Northern Luzon (Semper). Montalban (Mlldff.). 

Stenogyra pagoda SEMPER Reisen im Archipel der Philip- 
pinen, iii, p. 138. 

6. P. QUADRASI (Hidalgo). PI. 5, figs. 30, 31. 

Shell subimperforate, long-turrited, narrow, thin, slightly 
striatulate, subpellucid, whitish (corneous?). Spire much 
lengthened, the apex obtuse, submamillar; suture impressed. 
"Whorls 11, wide, rather flattened, the last one-fifth the total 
length, somewhat tapering basally; columella thread-like, 
lightly arcuate. Aperture ovate-acute, the base rounded ; peri- 
stome simple, straight, Length 19.5, width 3.5 mm. (Hid.). 

Cagpayao, Gigaquit, Mindanao. 

Stenogyra quadrasi HID., Journ. de Conchyl., 1888, p. 35, 
pi. 6, f. 2. Prosopeas q., MLLDFF., Verzeich., p. 156. 

Larger than Stenogyra panayensis Pfr.,-with more whorls 
and a differently shaped aperture. It may be an Opeas. 

1. P. ROMBLONICUM Moellendorff. 

Shell imperforate, subcylindric-turrited, thin, pellucid, 
finely curved-striatulate, rather glossy, straw-colored. Spire 
tapering, the apex semiglobose. Whorls 7, flattened, the last 
somewhat subangular below the periphery. Aperture moder- 


PROSOPEAS. 19 

ately oblique, narrowly acuminate-oval; peristome simple, 
acute, the right margin curved forward above the middle. 
Columella slightly twisted, callously thickened. Length 15, 
diam. 4.6 mm. (Mlldff.). 

Romblon. 

Prosopeas romblonicum MLLDFP., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 
1896,- p. 12. 

8. P. MACILENTUM (Reeve) . PI. 5, fig. 32. 

Shell imperf orate, oblong-turrited, very thin, smooth, pel- 
lucid, glossy, greenish-hyaline ; spire turrited, obtuse. Whorls 
6, slightly convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, 
rounded basally ; columella straightened, somewhat callous. 
Aperture a little oblique, oblong-oval; peristome simple, un- 
expanded, the right margin very slightly arcuate. Length 
12.5, diam. 4, aperture 5x2 mm. (Pfr.). 

Philippine Is. (Cuming). Cebu (Mlldff.) ; also Luzon 
(Mlldff., var. luzonicum). 

Bulimus macilentus REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 79, f. 586. PFR., 
Monogr., iii, p. 401. Stenogyra macilenta SEMPER, Reisen, p. 
139. Prosopeas macilentum (Rve.), MLLDFF., Bericht Senck. 
Ges., 1890, p. 247 ; Abhandl. Naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, 1898, 
p. 156, with var. luzonicum Mlldff., undescribed. 

The specimens taken in Cebu by Dr. von Mollendorff are a 
little larger, length 14, diam. 5, aperture 5.5x2.5 mm. 

9. P. CAROLINUM (Martens). PI. 5, figs. 36, 37, 38. 

Shell elongate, arcuately lightly striatulate, slightly shin- 
ing, buff, apex obtuse. Whorls 7, nearly flat, with subgradate 
suture, close above which there is a band formed of a dark 
brown incrustation; last whorl noticeably tapering towards 
the base. Aperture scarcely one-third the total length, a 
little oblique, acutely angular above, dilated below the middle, 
the outer margin thin, unexpanded ; columellar margin rather 
wide, obliquely arcuate, pale, acuminate below. Length 22, 
diam. 5.5, aperture 7x4 mm. (Martens). 

Caroline Is.: Ruk, or Hogoleu (0. Finsch, Kubary). 

Stenogyra Carolina MARTS., Sitzungsber Gesellsch. natur- 


20 PROSOPEAS. 

forschender Freunde, 1880, p. 147 ; Conchol. MittheiL, i, p. 93, 
pi. 17, f. 6-8. Prusopeas carolinum (Marts.), MLLDFF., Journ. 
of Malak., vii, p. 113. 

The color, suture and obtuse apex give this species a cer- 
tain similarity to Tornatellina gigas. It is referred to Proso- 
peas with some doubt. 

10. P. GORONTALENSIS (Sarasin). PI. 5, figs. 33, 34, 35. 
Shell large, drawn out very slim, irnperforate with obtuse 

apex. Whorls 10, the uppermost somewhat convex, the rest 
nearly flat, separated by an incised suture, slowly and regu- 
larly increasing in breadth, the last whorl with the indica- 
tion of an angle, tapering towards the base. Aperture nar- 
rowly piriform, acute above, rounded and effuse basally, the 
peristome acute, not reflexed, terminations connected by a flat 
callus, the columellar margin somewhat thickened and whit- 
ish. The sculpture consists of fine, closely crowded, raised, 
transverse striae. The original color is no longer recognizable, 
the shells appearing pure white. Length 33.75, diam. 8, aper- 
ture 10x3.75 mm. ; length 33.5, diam. 7.5, aperture 9.5x4 mm. 
( Sarasin ). 

Celebes: southern shore of Limbotto Lake in a bank of 
debris. 

Stenogyra (Prosopeas) gorontalensis P. & F. SARASIN, Die 
Land-Mollusken von Celebes, p. 117, pi. 26, f. 270, 271, 271a 
(1899). 

Smaller, more slender and thinner than P. cochliodes Pfr. 

11. P. DISCERNIBILIS (Martens). PI. 5, fig. 39. 

Shell turrited, subrimate, sculptured with subelevated, ver- 
tical, close and unequal striolae, rather glossy, uniform yellow 
Apex obtuse. Whorls 9, the first small, scarcely projecting, 
second and third almost double its size, of equal width, sub- 
globose, smooth ; following whorls regularly and slowly in- 
creasing, nearly flat, striatulate, with slightly impressed 
sutures, the last whorl oblong, the lower third noticeably 
tapering. Aperture oblique, lanceolate, the peristome thin, 
unexpanded, the outer margin lightly arcuate, basal margin 


PROSOPEAS. 21 

narrowly rounded, columellar margin vertical, somewhat 
thick, tapering below and rapidly passing into the basal mar- 
gin, outwardly expanded in a distinct parietal callus, leaving 
an extremely narrow umbilical fissure. Length 31, diam. 8.5, 
aperture 10x5 mm. (Marts.} . 

Lombock Island (Fruhstorfer) . 

Stenogyra discernibilis MARTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. natur- 
forsch. Freunde, Berlin, 1896, p. 162. E. A. SMITH, Proc. 
Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 13 (fig. of type). 

"The height (length) of the visible part of the penult, 
whorl, on the back, has the proportion of 5:71/0 to its width. 
The upper five whorls in grown examples are worn, dull and 
whitish, but in younger ones they are as glossy and yellow 
as the following ones. 8. lanceolata Pfr. of Natal seems the 
most similar species of those known to me." 

By its smooth early whorls this form might be a typical 
Prosopeas, but the sculpture of the later ones is not typical. 

12. P. LOMBOCKENSE (Smith). PI. 6, fig. 75. 

Shell lengthened, slightly rimate, buff-gray, obliquely 
painted with white hydrophanous streaks, sculptured with 
delicate, close, subgranulous growth-lines. Spire elongate, 
very obtuse at the apex. Whorls 8, the upper three closely 
and strongly costulate, convex, the rest a little convex, parted 
by an oblique suture, the last whorl lengthened, a little nar- 
rowed in front. Aperture elongate, acute above, one-third 
the total length; lip thin, arched forward in the middle, the 
margins joined by a thin parietal callus; columellar margin 
straight, narrowly reflexed. Length 26, diam. 8 mm. (Smith). 

Lombock Island (A. Everett). 

Stenogyra lombockensis E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. 
Lond., iii, p. 29, pi. 2, f. 14 (April, 1898). 

"Differs from S. discernibilis Martens in sculpture, color, 
etc. The fine costulas on the protoconch exhibit a very pretty 
crenulated appearance at the suture. ' ' 

13. P. ACHATINACEUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 40, 41. 

Shell imperforate, long-turrited, solid, closely, rudely stri- 


22 PROSOPEAS. 

ate, opaque, waxen. Spire elongate, rather acute. Whorls 8, 
a little convex, the last about one-third the length. Colu- 
mella straightened, nearly reaching the base. Aperture ob- 
long-oval ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin very 
narrowly reflexed, adnate. Length 13, diam. 4.5, aperture 
4.5x2.66 mm. (P/r.). 

Java (v. d. Busch, Zollinger). Sumatra at Palembang, at 
the tombs of the Sultans. Western Borneo at Singkawang, 
Bengkajang, Seminis and Mampawa, on dry, sandy ground, 
even near the sea (Martens). Saleyer (Weber). 

Bulimus achatinaceus PFR., Symbol, iii, p. 82; Monogr., 
ii, 156; iii, 393; iv, 454; vi, 92. REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 
67, f. 470. MOUSSON, Die Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken 
von Java, p. 35, pi. 4, f. 4 (1849). Stenogyra a., MARTENS, 
Ostas. Zool., p. 375, pi. 22, f. 9 ; Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. 
Ost-Ind., p. 243. ISSEL, Moll. Borneo, p. 51. 

14. P. ACUTISSIMUM (Mousson). PI. 3, figs. 85, 86, 87, 88. 

Shell irnperforate, subulate, closely and regularly trans- 
versely striate, the stria? a little curved ; opaque, covered with 
a pale corneous cuticle. Spire long, acute, the suture deep. 
Whorls 8!/2, widely coiled, flattened, the last somewhat taper- 
ing, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblong-oval, some- 
what compressed above; peristome unexpanded, acute, the 
right margin somewhat arched forward, basal margin reced- 
ing, subhorizontal, columellar margin straight, narrowly re- 
flexed, somewhat truncate at the base. Length 23.5, diam. 
5.5 mm. (Mouss.). 

Buitenzorg, near the botanical gardens, Java (Zollinger, 
Weber). Gunung Salak (Strubell). 

Bulimus acutissimus Mss., Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p. 
159. PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 453. Stenogyra a., MARTENS in 
Weber's Ergebn. einer Reise in Niederl. Ost.-Ind., ii, p. 243. 
Prosopeas a., BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Ges. Frankfurt, 
1890, p. 147. 

Boettger reports specimens from Gunung Salak, Java, as 
with 9 whorls and 20-2iy 2 mm. long, 5-514 wide, aperture 
, width 3% mm. The spire is more acute than in P. laxi- 


PROSOPEAS. 23 

spirum of Sumatra, and the aperture longer proportionately. 
Specimens before me measure 

Length 23.7, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 7 mm., whorls 9 1 /4. 

Length 21, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.5 mm., whorls 9. 

The first 2^4 whorls are vertically costulate, the riblets 
worn off on the convex shoulder of the whorls. The aperture 
is qujte oblique, very narrow, and somewhat effuse basally. 
The columella and parietal wall are almost in a line, the 
angle at their junction being inconspicuous. The eggs are 
cream-white, globular and hard-shelled, 1.8 mm. in diameter. 

14a. Var. hastatum Boettger, n. var. PI. 3, figs. 89, 90, 91. 

Shell somewhat larger and wider than acutissimum, the 
columellar callus heavier; aperture wider. Narrowly rimate. 
Length 26, width 6.2, length of aperture 7.7 mm. ; whorls 
9!/2 ; spire noticeably attenuated above. 

Java. Types 78446 A. N. S. P. 

15. P. HOCHSTETTERI (Zelebor). 

Shell imperforate, oblong-turrited, solid, closely subrugn- 
lose-striate, white covered with a waxen cuticle. Spire a little 
convexly turrited, the apex minute. Suture simple. Whorls 
11/2, a little convex, the last two-fifths the total length, a little 
tapering basally. Aperture slightly oblique, acuminate-oval, 
whitish inside, glossy. Columella callous, receding, slightly 
folded above. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins 
joined by a thin callus. Length 19.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 
8.3x3.3 mm. (Zel.}. 

Java ('Novara' cruise). 

Bulimus hochstetteri ZELEBOR in Pfr. & Zelebor, Verb, 
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xvii, 1867, p. 806. PFR., Monogr. Hel. 
Viv., vi, 107 (1868). 

' ' This species is very similar in structure and sculpture to 
B. acutissimus Mouss., also from Java." 

Since the "Novara" lay at Batavia for the greater part 
of May, 1858, and touched nowhere else in Java, it is likely 
that this species was taken in the neighborhood of that port. 


24 PROSOPEAS. 

16. P. HOLOSERICUM Boettger, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 93, 94. 
Shell subrimate, slender, turrited, thin, pale greenish-cor- 
neous, very densely and finely striate, the stria? oblique, 
arched forward below the suture, the first 2y 2 whorls verti- 
cally costellate, usually worn. Whorls 8 l /2, convex, the last 
two much less so, somewhat flattened. Suture narrow but 
deeply incised, oblique. Aperture narrow, oblique. Colu- 
mella straight, with reflexed, not wholly adnate edge. Length 
19.5, diam. 4.8, length of aperture 6 mm. 

Java. Sumatra at Sukuranda (G. Schneider). 

P. holosericum BTTG. in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., no. 69973. 
MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1900, p. 9 (no description). 

This is apparently described here for the first time; or at 
all events, I have been unable to find a description of the 
species. It is a smaller shell than the closely related P. acu- 
tissimum, with the mouth narrower below, and the columellar 
reflection not wholly appressed, leaving a long but very nar- 
row umbilical fissure. 

17. P. ARGENTEUM Henderson. PI. 6, fig. 71. 

Whorls fully 8, slightly convex. Apex obtuse. Sutures 
well impressed. Aperture oblique, elongate, pointed above, 
dilated in the middle, narrow below. Lip sharp and thin; 
columella slightly arcuate; ends of lip connected by an ex- 
ceedingly thin shining callous. Growth-lines closely crowded, 
strong and roughened. First or apical whorl regularly costu- 
late. Color shining silvery-white, becoming yellowish toward 
the base. Length 23, diam. 6 mm. (Henderson). 

Enganio Island, southwest of Sumatra (Wm. Doherty). 

Prosopeas argentca HENDERSON, Nautilus, xii, p. 16, pi. 2, 
f. 10 (June, 1898). 

'The Stenogyras are widely distributed throughout the 
Malayan province, being represented in all the islands by 
more or less closely allied species. This resembles Opeas acu- 
tissima Bttg. (0. hastatus Bttg.), of Java, in color and sculp- 
ture, but is less slender and has fewer whorls. It is a much 
larger shell than 0. achatinacea Pfr., of Java. It differs 
from Opcas paioensis Bock, of Sumatra, in being a larger 


PROSOPEAS. 23 

shell with a smaller apex. Stenogyra eckelensis de Morg., of 
Perak, bears a strong resemblance to this Enganio form" 
(Henderson). 

18. P. PAIOENSE (Bock). PL 5, figs. 42, 43. 

"Shell elongate, subulate, imperforate, of a dirty grayish- 
white color, covered with a somewhat deciduous and coarsish 
olive epidermis. Whorls 12, apical ones obtuse, glossy, vit- 
reous, these and the few succeeding rather convex and slowly 
enlarging, the five last proportionally longer and flatter, in- 
creasing more in length than breadth, and separated by a 
rather oblique deepish suture. Sculpture consisting of coars- 
ish, oblique, flexuous, indistinctly subgranose, raised lines of 
increment. Aperture elongate, subpiriform, acute above, oc- 
cupying rather more than one-fifth of the entire length of the 
shell. Outer lip (viewed laterally) oblique, a little excurved 
near the suture, simple, thin. Columella whitish, slightly 
arcuate and thickened, appressed to the whorl, connected with 
the extremity of the labrum by a very thin callosity. Length 
40, diam. T 1 /^, aperture 9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad" (Bock). 

Sumatra : Paio, in the Padang district, 1,500 feet above the 
sea (Bock) . 

Bulimus (Stenogyra) paioensis Bock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
London, May, 1881, p. 630, pi. 55, f. 5. 

"The animal is of a yellowish color, has a short foot, and 
carries its shell in an oblique position. 

"I never met with this interesting species in any other 
spot in the highlands; and even at Paio it appeared to be 
rare; for in all, after close search, I found but fourteen 
specimens" (Bock). 

A specimen, probably one of the original lot, measures, alt. 
33.8, diam. 6.5, length of aperture 9 mm. It is imperforate, 
very thin, whitish-corneous, composed of fully 11 whorls. 
The apex, though small, is obtuse and hemispherical, the next 
4 or 5 whorls are convex, much wider than high, and increase 
the diameter of the shell rather rapidly ; the last 4 whorls are 
nearly flat, very high, and increase the calibre of the shell 
very slowly. The sculpture consists of fine vertical riblets on 


26 PROSOPEAS. 

the first two or three whorls, the riblets weaker near the 
upper suture. On the later whorls the sculpture is of very 
fine, densely crowded strife, quite oblique, and arched forward 
below the suture. "Where fresh and unrubbed, there are min- 
ute and delicate cuticular hairs arranged in spiral lines on 
the striae; when rubbed off, these hairs leave very slight de- 
pressions visible as weak spiral lines in a favorable light. 
The stride and hairs hold a thin coating of earth, giving the 
shell the appearance of having a dull brownish cuticle. The 
columella is narrowly reflexed and adnate. The parietal cal- 
lus is so thin as to be hardly visible. 

P. paioense is related to P. laxispirum, but is larger, more 
robust, with a thinner parietal callus. 

19. P. LAXISPIRUM (Martens). PI. 3, fig. 92. 

Shell imperforate, subulate, rudely striate, dull brown, 
opaque; apex very obtuse. Whorls 11, the first a little con- 
vex, subglobose, the following, from the fifth, flattened, elon- 
gate; suture very oblique, somewhat channelled, distinct; last 
three whorls subequal; base noticeably tapering. Aperture 
slightly oblique, narrowly piriform, the columellar margin 
white, reflexed and adnate throughout, passing above into a 
distinct parietal callus, slightly twisted below and obliquely 
subtruncate. Length 27 to 30, diam. 5 to 5.5 mm. ; aperture 
6 to 7.5 mm. high, 2.5 to 3 wide. Length of the visible part 
of the last whorl to the penultimate as 1 : l 1 /^ or 1% (v. 
Marts.}. 

Sumatra: mountains of the interior at Kepahiang, on the 
ground; not rare (Marts.). 

Stenogyra laxispira v. MARTS., Ostas. Zool., Landschn., p. 
373, pi. 22, f. 14 (1867). Bulimus L, PPR., Monogr., vi, p. 92. 

Distinguished by the size, rough sculpture, want of an um- 
bilical chink, distinct parietal callus, noticeable truncation of 
the columellar margin, but especially by the very slow increase 
of the individual whorls in height and width, therefore re- 
maining almost equal. Only the upper whorls are wider than 
high, so far as their visible parts are concerned, the fifth 
to last being as high as wide, whereby the whole shell appears 


PROSOPEAS. 27 

very slender. The growth-striae are somewhat arched for- 
ward. The description of Mousson 's Bui. acutissimus applies 
in great part, but he gives only 8 l / 2 whorls for a specimen 
but little smaller, and terms the shell regularly, closely stri- 
ate; moreover, the present shell cannot well be called "very 
acute" (v. Marts.}. 

20. P. ROEPSTORPI (Morch). PI. 3, figs. 97, 98, 99. 

"Related to Stenogyra elongatula Pfr. (Martens, Ostas. 
Zool., p. 379, pi. 22, f. 12), but differing as follows: Shell 
straw-colored, costulate-striate, the sutures deep; aperture 
dilated, almost fig-shaped, white in the throat; columella 
twisted, imperforate. Length 22.5, diam. 6, length of aper- 
ture 7.5 mm." (Morch). 

Nicobar Is.: Kamorta (Roepstorf). 

Bulimus (Prosopeas) roepstorfi Men., Journ. de Conchyl., 
1876, p. 358, 367. 

I figure a specimen received as P. roepstorfi. There are 
nearly 8 whorls, the first globose and smooth, the rest moder- 
ately convex and sculptured with forwardly arcuate, thread- 
like strias. The aperture is quite oblique, long and narrow, 
the thin outer lip arched forward, the columellar lip nar- 
rowly reflexed above and imperfectly appressed. The colu- 
mella is concave, slightly folded at the upper insertion. 
Length 16, diam. 4.7, length of aperture 5.2 mm. 

21. P. ACHATES (Moerch). PI. 12, figs. 4, 5. 

"Differs from roepstorfi by the smaller, short shell, covered- 
perforate. Length 14, diam. 5, length of aperture about 6 
mm." (Moerch). 

Kamorta, Nancouri, Nicobar Is. A variety from Kamorta 
and Nancouri is "smaller, smoothish, length 11, width 9, 
length of aperture 5 mm." Another from Nancouri is rather 
solid, length 13, width 4.16 mm., aperture 4 mm. 

Bulimus (Prosopeas) achates MOERCH, J. de Conch., 1876, 
p. 359. 

Morch places Stenogyra achatinacea Pfr. in the synonymy 
of his achates, without explanation of so irregular a course. 


28 PROSOPEAS. 

I have figured a Nicobar shell which seems to me referable to 
Mo rch's form. It is rather obese below, subregularly taper- 
ing to the obtuse, smooth apex, sculptured with narrow, 
spaced, thread-like riblets which curve forwards above the 
periphery and are much weaker below it. Whorls slightly 
more than 7, moderately convex. The aperture is long, the 
outer lip arched forward above, and the columella reflexed 
narrowly, leaving a narrow umbilical fissure. Length 13.3, 
diam. 4.5, length of aperture 5.5 mm. 

This form seems to differ from P. achatinaceum by its 
larger aperture. 

22. P. HAUGHTONI (Benson) . PI. 6, figs. 76, 78, 79. 

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, subturrited, solid, striate, 
costulate-striate towards the apex and suture. Whitish, cov- 
ered with a very finely corrugated olivaceous cuticle. Spire 
long-conic, suddenly tapering towards the somewhat obtuse 
apex ; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a trifle convex, rather 
flattened, the last whorl subangulate towards the periphery. 
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-elliptical, blue-whitish inside, 
the right margin thin, acute, columellar margin callous, flat, 
a little expanded, slightly emarginate towards the base, the 
margins joined by a thin, expanded, parietal callus. Length 
20-30, diam. 10-11, aperture 11 mm. long, 5 wide (Bens.). 

Andaman Is.: Port Blair (Dr. Walker; Maj. Haughton). 

Spiraxis haughtoni BENS., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3d ser.), 
xi, p. 90, with var. oxynter Bens. (Feb., 1863). PPR., 
Monogr., vi, p. 189. HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind., pi. 19, 
f. 1; pi. 79, f. 5 (var.). 

Two typical examples of this species before me measure: 
length 27, diam. 10.7, length of aperture 10.5 mm., and 28, 
11, 10.7 mm., both having a trifle over 7 whorls. They are 
solid, strong shells, nearly denuded of the thin, olivaceous- 
yellow cuticle. The columella is distinctly sigmoid, and the 
parietal callus arising from it is wholly appressed at the edge, 
not raised seam-like as in P. pcalei. 

22a. Var. oxynter Benson. PI. 6, figs. 77, 82, 83, 84. 

"Shell long-turrited, more slender. Length 30, diam. 8 mm. 


PROSOPEAS. 29 

There is a tendency in the stouter form to verge towards the 
variety which I have called oxynter, though the extreme speci- 
mens might be considered as separate species" (Bens.). 

I have assumed that the second figure published by Hanley 
and Theobald, under the title Spiraxis li aught oni var. Bens., 
pertains to the var. oxynter, though it measures a little larger 
than Benson's dimensions, possibly being slightly enlarged by 
the artist. Two specimens referable to this form are figured, 
pi. 6, figs. 82, 83, 84. The cuticle is dark olive. They differ 
from P. pealei chiefly in the shape and direction of the colu- 
mellar margin, which is less sinuous than in P. haughtoni. 
Length 34, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mm., whorls Sy 2 . 

23. P. PEALEI (Tryon). PI. 6, figs. 80, 81. 

Shell imperforate, solid, turrited, white under a thin green- 
ish-yellow cuticle, with a few narrow darker streaks; the 
apical whorls worn. Spire with straight lateral outlines. 
Whorls 8%, slightly convex. Aperture long-ovate, oblique, 
bluish-white inside; outer lip straightened above, thin and 
acute. Columella slightly arcuate, passing without angle into 
the parietal margin, not excised or sinuous at the 'base. Pari- 
etal callus brownish, with distinct outer edge. Length 36.3, 
diam. 10, length of aperture 11.3 mm. 

Andaman Islands. 

Opeas (Bulimus) pealei TRYON, American Journ. of Conch., 
v, p. 110, pi. 10, f. 5 (Oct. 7, 1869). 

The type specimen is described above and figured. It has 
been referred to P. haughtoni Bens, as a synonym, but it 
differs from that by the non-sinuous columella, which does 
not form an angle with the parietal wall, by the narrower 
mouth, more numerous whorls and slenderer shape. The var. 
oxynter of Benson, while nearly as slender as pealei, differs 
by having the columella at an angle with the parietal wall. 

24. P. WALKERI (Benson). PI. 6, fig. 70. 

Shell imperforate, cylindric-turrited, arcuately very strongly 
striated, whitish under the cuticle. Spire slender, the apex 
obtuse, suture rather deep. "Whorls 9, a little convex. Aper- 


30 PROSOPEAS. 

ture oblique, elliptical; the right margin thin, acute, arcuate 
above ; columellar margin callous, suddenly revolute. Length 
14, diam. 3.5 mm. (Bens.). 

Port Blair, Andaman Is. (Major Haughton). Shan States, 
Burmah (Fedden). Lampun, Siam (Daly). 

Spiraxis ivalkeri BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 ser.), xi, 
p. 90 (Feb., 1863). PPR., Monogr., vi, p. 189. HANLEY & 
THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 4. Opeas walkeri (Bens.). 
THEOBALD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, p. 
395 (Shan States). BLANFORD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., v, 
p. 280 (Siam). 

25. P. TURRICULA (v. Martens) . PI. 3, figs. 95, 96. 

Shell rimate, subulate, closely and finely striate, the striae 
arching forward; with a silky luster, waxen. Apex obtuse, 
subglobose. Whorls 8, the suture deep, the upper ones con- 
vex, penultimate and last whorls more flattened, the last 
noticeably tapering downwards. Aperture subvertical, piri- 
form-oblong, the columellar margin nearly straight, a little 
dilated, at the base attenuate, not truncate, narrowly reflexed 
at the insertion. Length 15, diam. 4, length of aperture 5, 
width 2 mm. (Martens). 

Siam (Mouhot), purchased in London in 1859-60 for the 
Berlin Museum. 

Stenogyra turricula MARTENS, P. Z. S. Lond., 1860, p. 9. 
Achatina t., PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 236. MORELET, Ser. Conch., 
iv, p. 267, pi. 12, f. 3. Stenogyra turricula MARTENS, Ostas. 
Zool., Landschn., p. 82, pi. 22, f. 7. Bulimus t., PFR., 
Monogr., vi, p. 98. Opeas t., FISCHER & DAUTZ., Mission Pavie 
Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411 (Muok Lek, Siam). 

"This species stands quite near 8. achatinacea Pfr., but on 
comparison of original examples of both it is seen to differ 
by the slimmer, less conic shape and finer striation. The 
upper whorls in both are conspicuously more convex, the 
penult, and last are swollen only under the suture, then the 
slope becomes more rectilinear" (Martens). 

Prof, von Martens' first description (P. Z. S., 1860) was 
based upon a larger specimen, length 18, diam. 6 mm., aper- 


PROSOPEAS. 31 

ture 5 mm., in which the columella was stated to be strongly 
obliquely truncate. Morelet explains the discrepancy between 
this statement and that in his second description (in the 
Ostasiatische Landschnecken) by supposing that the shells 
described differed in age, but really belong to one and the 
same species. I am wholly inclined to believe that the differ- 
ences are due partly to age, partly to different ways of de- 
scribing the tapering base of the columella. 

Some authors have referred this species to P. ivalkeri Bens. 

26. P. TEREBRALE Theobald. 

Shell lengthened, imperforate, thin, corneous, not polished. 
Whorls IQi/o, depressed-convex, joined by an impressed suture, 
closely striate, the last whorl scarcely a third the total length ; 
epidermis scabrous. Peristome acute, the columellar margin 
very narrowly reflexed, slightly twisted. Length .95, diam. 
.17, alt. aperture .22 inch (Theol).). 

Shan States (Fedden). 

Stenogyra (Opeas] terebralis THEOB., Journ. Asiat. Soc. 
Bengal, vol. 39, 1870, pt. 2, p. 401. Bulimus t., PFR., Monogr., 
viii, p. 133. HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. xi. 

27. P. TCHEHELENSE (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. 
Shell imperforate, turrited, pale yellowish-brown (or with 

a greenish tint where the soft parts show through) , lusterless. 
Whorls 8y 2 , convex, the first !!/> smooth, whitish, the next 
two sculptured with strong, rather widely and unevenly 
spaced, arcuate, thread-like striae; subsequent whorls very 
densely and finely striate, the striae arcuate. Last whorl 
strongly tapering below the periphery. Aperture narrowly 
ovate, the outer lip arched forward above the periphery, re- 
tracted at its sutural insertion. Columella sinuous, concave 
above, retracted at the base. 

Length 16, diarn. 4.5 mm., aperture 5 mm. (specimen). 

Length 23, diam. 5 mm., aperture 6 mm. (de Morg.). 

Malay Peninsula : Gunong Tchehel, in the Pluss valley, 300 
meters elevation (de Morgan) ; Gunong Tnas, 3,000 ft. (Skeat 
exped.) ; Perak, Belimbing, Ligeh, Biserat, Jalor (Skeat 
exped.). 


32 PROSOPEAS. 

Stenogyra tchehelensis DE MORGAN, Le Naturaliste, May, 
1885, p. 69 ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, p. 388, pi. 6, f . 7.- 
Prosopeas t., MLLDPF., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 337. 
COLLINGE, Journ. of Malac., ix, p. 83. Stenogyra (Opeas) 
terebralis NEVILL, Hand-list Ind. Mus., 1878, p. 166. 

The disparity in sculpture between the earlier and later 
whorls is characteristic. The apical whorls (fig. 8) are not 
costulate. The above description is from a specimen received 
from M. de Morgan. Dr. von Moellendorff considers 8. swet- 
tenhami synonymous. 

Mr. Collinge states that the eggs are exceedingly large for 
the size of the animal, and are enclosed in a hard, calcareous 
shell. Specimens having 8 whorls were found to be sexually 
mature. The largest shell met with was one with 12 whorls. 

28. P. SWETTENHAMI (de Morgan). PI. 4, figs. 11, 12. 
Shell subulate, elongate, brown, corneous, obtuse at the 

summit, composed of 12 or 13 whorls which are very regularly 
convoluted and ornamented with fine striae along the growth- 
lines; suture linear and well marked, covering a very obtuse 
carina on the preceding whorl. Aperture oval, oblique ; peri- 
stome straight and acute, the columellar margin reflexed. 
Length 29, diam. 5, length of aperture 6, width 3 mm. Eggs 
spherical, calcareous, .5 mm. in diameter (de Morg.). 

Perak: Mt. Tchora, near Ipoh, in crevices of the rocks (de 
Morgan) . 

Stenogyra swettenhami DE MORG., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 
x, 1885, p. 389, pi. 6, f. 6. 

'This species is distinguished from 8. tchehelensis by its 
cylindric shape and by having a carina on the lower part of 
the whorls of the spire. ' ' 

29. P. HEBES (Blanford). PI. 12, fig. 6. 

Shell imperforate, turrited, corneous, rugose-striate. Spire 
subulate, the apex very obtuse, suture whitish-edged. Whorls 
7, but little convex, the last about one-third the length, 
rounded basally. Columella a little calloused, a trifle twisted, 
short. Aperture nearly vertical, long-oval ; peristome simple, 


PROSOPEAS. 33 

straight, the right margin arcuate above. Length 15, diam. 
4, aperture 4.5x2 mm. (Blanf.). 

Nilgiri Mts. 

Spiraxis hebes W. & H. BLANF., Contrib. to Indian Malac., 
no. 2, 1861, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 15, in Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 
xxx, 1861, p. 361. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 190. HANL. & 
THEOB.., Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 10. 

The above are the dimensions of the largest specimen found. 
It may be easily distinguished from 8. gracilis, the only re- 
lated Indian species, by its very obtuse apex, less numerous 
whorls, etc. 

30. P. ANCEYI Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 6, figs. 72, 73. 

Shell fragile, subpellucid, glossy, subulate, very narrowly 
and almost vertically subrimate; under a lens, sculptured 
with close and arcuate growth-striaa. Spire long, gradually 
tapering, the apex obtuse, quite large and smooth. "Whorls 
10, plano-convex, rather rapidly increasing, separated by an 
impressed, very minutely and regularly crenulated suture. 
Last whorl cylindric-oblong, tapering basally, hardly ascend- 
ing. Aperture vertical, oblong, narrowed above and below, 
the base receding. Columella slightly arcuate, a little thick- 
ened, reaching to the base of the aperture, scarcely truncated. 
Columellar margin lengthened and narrowly dilated above the 
rimation. Lip acute, rounded and produced in front. Color 
pale grayish-corneous. Length 15.25, diam. 3.25, aperture 
4x2 mm. (Ancey). 

Bac-Kan, Tonquin (Messager). 

Prosopeas macilentum ANCEY, Journ. de Conchyl., 1903, p. 
220, pi. 9, f. 23, 24. Not of Reeve. 

This species is especially remarkable for its subulate, 
greatly lengthened form. The name proposed by Mr. Ancey 
is preoccupied for a Philippine species. 

31. P. HENRICI (Ancey). PI. 4, figs. 14, 15. 

Shell very long, produced-turrited, thin, pale corneous, 
with a somewhat oily gleam, scarcely perforate; provided 
with flexuous growth-strias which are arched forward below 


34 PROSOPEAS. 

the suture. Spire slender, regularly tapering to the obtuse 
apex. Whorls ll 1 /^, slowly increasing, the first convex, the 
rest plano-convex ; suture well impressed, suboblique ; last 
whorl oblong, slightly wider than the preceding, rounded an- 
teriorly to the middle, tapering below. Aperture subvertical, 
oblong, angular above, anteriorly produced arcuately near the 
insertion, the base receding, somewhat narrowed. Columella 
hardly truncate but arcuate, and at the base subplicate within. 
Peristoine simple, giving off a small lamina over the very 
minute perforation. Length 27.5, diarn. 5.75, aperture 6 mm. 
(Anc.). 

Laos: Luang-prabang (Henri Counillon). 

Stenogyra henrici ANC., Annales du Musee d'Histoire Na- 
turelle de Marseille (ser. ii), i, p. 134, pi. 9, f. E (Sept., 1894). 

This handsome Stenogyra of the group Prosopeas seems to 
me to have affinities with 8. pagoda Semper, of Luzon, and 
not with other forms now known from Indo-China (Ancey) . 

32. P. TERES (H. Adams). PI. 4, fig. 13. 

Shell turrited, rather thin, 'obliquely minutely striate, pale 
fulvous. Spire lengthened, the apex obtuse, suture somewhat 
channelled. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last tapering bas- 
ally, slightly more than one-third the length. Columella 
arcuate, not reaching the base of the aperture, subtruncate. 
Aperture suboval, peristome simple, unexpanded, the right 
margin sinuous. Length 25, diam. 6 mm. ; aperture 7x3.5 
mm. (H. Ad.). 

Hainan (Mr. Swinhoe). 

Rumina (Subulina) teres H. AD., P. Z. S., 1870, p. 8, pi. 
1, f. 14. Ackatina t., PFR., Mouogr., viii, p. 288. 

33. P. DECORTICATUM (Reeve). PI. 6, fig. 74. 

"Shell subulate, rather solid, scarcely umbilicate, whorls 
eight in number, concentrically rather rudely plicately stri- 
ated, columella thin, reflected, aperture rather small, oblong- 
ovate, lip thin; dull greenish horn" (Reeve). 

Length 10.3 mm. 

Macao, China (Dr. Cantor, in Benson coll.). 


PROSOPEAS. 35 

Bulimus decorticatus RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 80, f. 592, 
(Dec., 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 402. Stenogyra d., 
MARTS., Ostas. Zool., p. 53. 

"A shell of rather solid growth, longitudinally sculptured 
throughout with rude, plicate stria?" (Eve.). 

Von Martens considers this to be identical with B. fortunei 
Pfr., which is described thus : 

B. fortunei Pfr. (pi. 12, fig. 10). Shell slightly subper- 
forate, turrited, rather solid, longitudinally closely costulate- 
striate, scarcely shining, subdiaphanous, waxen. Spire reg- 
ularly turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls TI/O, a little convex, 
the last about one-third the total length, rounded at the base. 
Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture oblique, oval, rounded 
basally; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin 
spreading, columellar margin narrowly reflexed. Length 11, 
diam. 4, alt. aperture scarcely 4 mm., width 2 mm. (Pfr.). 

Shanghai, China (Fortune). 

Bulimus fortunei PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 137 ; Monogr., iii, 
p. 398; Conchyl. Cab., p. 255, pi. 69, f. 6-8. Stenogyra f., 
MARTENS, Ostas. Zool., p. 53. 

According to von Martens, this species is very closely re- 
lated to O. panayensis. Gredler (Malak. Bl. n. F., ix, p. 
142) places decorticata Reeve and scalaris Desh. in the syn- 
onymy of Opeas subula, which he records from southern 
Shensi, Peking and middle China, abundant. 

34. P. STRIATISSIMUM (Gredler). 

Shell nearly covered rimate, subulate, deeply and closely 
striate, the stria? about straight, slightly arched forward; 
waxen, opaque, lusterless; apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 7, 
convex except the last two which are less so ; last whorl one- 
third the total length, convex below; suture rather deep. 
Aperture subvertical, narrow, elliptical-piriform. Columella 
subarcuate, not truncate, nearly forming an angle at its junc- 
tion with the outer margin ; columellar margin a little dilated, 
noticeably tapering downwards, slightly reflexed above. 
Length 9, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.) . 

China: province Shan-tung; at Tsi-nan-fu (Gredler). 


36 PERRIERIA. 

Stenogyra striatissima GREDLER, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., ix, 
p. 49, 1882. Opeas striatissa GREDL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.), ix, 
p. 142 (1887). 

Of the shape and size of 8. fortunei Pfr., but closely and 
deeply stria te, the whorls less numerous, with the exception 
of the last two, more convex, etc. The intervals are not 
wider than the striae. The generic position is uncertain. In 
his later list, Gredler writes the name " striatissa Gredl. 
(nicht 'striatissima')." 

Genus PERRIERIA Tapparone Canefri. 

See Man. Conch., vol. xvi, p. 189. 

At the time my monograph of this genus was prepared the 
internal structure of the shell of Perrieria was unknown, and 
no specimens were accessible to me. Mr. E. R. Sykes has re- 
cently shown that there are no internal lamella? or plicae, and 
the slender axis is strongly sinuous. He suggests that the 
genus may belong to the Achatinidce. This change of family 
position seems to be justified by our present knowledge ; and 
pending an examination of the soft anatomy, I would place 
Perrieria in the vicinity of Prosopeas or Tortaxis. the external 
sculpture most resembling the former, the columella the latter 
genus. Ccelocion, which I have examined, is certainly very 
unlike Perrieria in internal structure. It is surely not Acha- 
tinoid, and should remain, I believe, in the Megaspirida. 

P. CANEFRIANA Sykes. PI. 4, figs. 16, 17. 

"Shell sinistral, spire elongate and gradually tapering to- 
wards the apex, truncate, uniform dark chestnut-brown in 
color, somewhat polished; sculpture well marked lines of 
growth; whorls remaining 7, plano-convex, regularly increas- 
ing to the last whorl, very little, if at all, ascending in front ; 
aperture somewhat piriform, dusky brown within, peristome 
whitish, continuous, somewhat thickened, the outer margin 
a little expanded, and the columella rather twisted and trun- 
cate. Alt. 24.5, diam. max. 6.4; alt. apert. 7.3, diam. apert. 
5 mm." (Sykes). 

Island of Obi. 


HYPOLYSIA. 37 

Perrieria canefriana SYKES, Journ. of Malac., 1904, xi, p. 
91, pi. 9, f. 3, 4. 

"This interesting discovery extends the range of the genus, 
hitherto known only from New Guinea. The present species 
is by far the smallest of the three described and may be 
separated from P. minor Smith by its darker color, more 
tapermg form, and by the columella being more twisted. As 
Mr. Pilsbry states (Man. Conch., ser. 2, vol. xvi, p. 189) 'the 
internal structure of the shell has not been investigated,' I 
have broken up a specimen, which is now figured. The axis 
is much twisted, and I am unable to trace any armature upon 
it. I doubt if Perrieria belongs to the Megaspirida ; may it 
not be really referable to the Acliatinida ? " (Sykes}. 

Genus HYPOLYSIA Melvill & Ponsonby. 

Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii, p. 318 (Oct., 1901). 

"Shell slender, fusiform, tapering, as in Subulina, but 
thickened throughout close to the suture." Aperture ovate 
as in Opeas, the outer lip projecting as a rounded lobe far 
forward, deeply retracted to the suture. Columellar margin 
reflexed above. Type H. ftorentice (pi. 10, f. 66, 67). 

Distribution, Natal. From the figure the axis seems to be 
perforate or rimate, but nothing is said about it in the text. 
The columella is said to be truncate at base, but the trunca- 
tion must be inconspicuous and oblique, since it is scarcely 
indicated in the figures. The group is apparently near Opeas, 
but distinct by the forwardly projecting lip, excised at the 
suture. This is an exaggerated form of the structure seen in 
Curvella, and weakly shown in Opeas itself. 

H. FLORENTLE Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 10, figs. 66, 67. 

Shell elegantly tapering, thin, delicate, crystalline white. 
Whorls 9 to 10, of which the apical two are mamillate, obtuse, 
the rest thickened near the suture, tumid, under a lens longi- 
tudinally oblique-striate ; last whorl exceeding in length the 
preceding four. Aperture small, oblong; peristome thin, 
evolute above ; columella straight, truncate towards the base. 
Length 11.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (M. & P.). 


38 EUONYMA. 

Natal: Durban (Burnup). 

Hypolysia florenticc M. & P., Am. Mag. N. H. (7), viii, 
1901, p. 318, pi. 2, f. 8; (7) xii, p. 596, pi. 32, 1 13. 

The figure shows no trace of columellar truncation, at 
least in a front view. 

Genus EUONYMA Melvill & Ponsonby. 

Euonyma M. & P., Annals and Magazine of Natural His- 
tory, 6th ser., xviii, p. 316 (Oct., 1896), for Subulina lao- 
cochlis. 

Rather large, slender Stenogyroid snails with the apex 
rounded, hemispherical and smooth, not deciduous; whorls 
numerous, striate or smooth; texture as in Opeas, or more 
solid. Aperture ovate, columellar lip reflexed, adnate or 
leaving an umbilical crevice, the columella concave or 
straight, not truncate, continuous with the basal lip ; outer 
lip sample. Egprs globular, as in Opeas, Subulina, etc. Type 
E. laococlilis. 

Distribution, South Africa ; one species from as far north 
as Ussambara. Illustrated on plate 10. 

This genus was proposed, without definition, for a single 
sinistral species, which in all other characters agrees with a 
somewhat numerous group of South African snails which 
have been referred by Melvill and Ponsonby to Subulina, 
and by Sturany more correctly to Opeas. From the latter 
group they differ chiefly by the larger size and general 
aspect, which is quite that of the typical American Steno- 
gyra, a group practically identical with Euonyma concholog- 
ically. Euonyma is kept separate from Stenogyra solely by 
the diverse distribution, Stenogyra in the restricted sense 
comprising only tropical American species. 

As an abstract proposition, I do not favor the separation of 
genera purely upon the ground of diverse geographic distri- 
bution. But the South African fauna is so totally unlike the 
tropical American that it seems likely when a careful com- 
parison of the whole structure can be made, that some differ- 
ences of generic value will be found between Euonyma and 
Stenogyra. 


EUONYMA. 39 

Aside from Stenogyra, the affinities of Euonyma seem to 
be with Opeas, Tortaxis and Prosopeas. 

No species referable to Subulina has 'been reported from 
South Africa. Several species of Opeas have been described. 

1. E. L^EOCOCHLIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 68. 
"Shell sinistral, fusiform, the upper whorls somewhat at- 
tenuate ; whorls thirteen in number, mostly very narrow, 
broadening distinctly towards the base. The specimens (two) 
before us being dead, we cannot tell the color, but probably 
it is pale olivaceous. The whorls are nearly smooth, but are 
obscurely longitudinally obliquely stria te, the basal whorl 
slightly angled in front ; aperture oblong, the columellar mar- 
gin being straightly produced and slightly reflexed" (Melv. 
& Pons.). 

Length 1 T 3 7 , width -^ inch. 
Humansdorp, St. Francis Bay. 

Subulina laocochlis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), 
xviii, p. 316, pi. 16, f. 3 (Oct., 1896). 

2. E. LYMNE^EFORMIS (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 10, fig. 69. 

Shell conspicuous, olivaceous straw-colored, tapering-fusi- 
form, cylindric, thin, glossy. Whorls 10 to 11, of which the 
upper three are dull white, but little shining, the apex itself 
being obtuse, more or less worn in our specimens; remaining 
whorls a little impressed at the sutures, slightly swollen, deli- 
cately and irregularly striate under the lens; last whorl 
about equal to the preceding three, narrow, prolonged. Aper- 
ture ovate-lunar; peristome thin, a little contracted above, 
slightly effuse basally, the columellar margin a little thick- 
ened, uniplicate. 

Length 39, diam. 8.25 mm. 

Length 34, diam. 7.5 mm. (M. & P.). 

Natal: Karkloop Bush (J. McBean) . 

Obeliscus lymneceformis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. 
(7), viii, p. 317, pi. 2, f. 5 (Oct., 1901). 

"A fine species, with no near ally in its fauna. The two 
examples before us vary slightly inter se, the larger being 


40 EUONYMA. 

basally more attenuate and not possessing the slight labial 
effusion of its fellow, while the substance is more pellucid 
and the color clear straw. Both are more or less apically 
detrite" (Melv. <& Pons.). 

3. E. LANCEOLATA (Pfeiffer). 

Shell imperforate, turrited, rather solid, longitudinally 
subarcuate-striate, diaphanous, whitish straw-colored; spire 
lengthened, rather acute ; suture light, crenulate. Whorls 13, 
nearly flat, the last forming two-sevenths the total length, 
slightly tapering basally. Columella somewhat twisted above, 
then straightened. Aperture little oblique, acuminate-oval, 
subangulate basally; peristome simple, straight, the columel- 
lar margin very narrowly reflexed. Length 52, diam. 14, 
aperture 15x7 mm. (P/r.). 

Cape Natal (Plant, in Cuming coll.). Durban (Dr. Pen- 
ther) . 

Bulimus lanceolatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 292; Monogr., 
iv, p. 455. Obeliscus I., MELV. & PONS., Proe. Malac. Soc. 
Lond., iii, p. 179. Bulimus micans PFR., Malak. Bl., iv, 1857, 
p. 156; Monogr., iv, p. 452. Stenogyra (Obeliscus) I., STU- 
RANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch., Ixvii, 1899, p. 595. 

Melvill and Ponsonby include Bulimus micans Pfr. as a 
synonym of lanceolata. The original description follows: 
Bulimus micans. Shell imperforate, turrited, rather thin, 
closely plicate-striate and obsoletely a little decussate, silky, 
tawny-waxen. Spire regularly tapering, the apex rather ob- 
tuse, suture subcrenate. Whorls 10 to 11, flattened, the last 
not a third the total length, subangular in the middle. Colu- 
mella vertical. Aperture oblique, elliptical-oblong, peristome 
simple, the right margin straight; columellar margin shortly 
reflexed, adnate, its junction with the basal margin suban- 
gular. Length 36, diam. 9, aperture 11x4.5 mm. In the re- 
gion of Natal (Pfr.). 

This form, like lanceolata, was described from specimens 
collected by Plant, and in the Cuming collection. 

4. E. ACUS (Morelet). PI. 10, fig. 70. 

Shell covered-rimate, rather solid, turrited, irregularly stri- 


EUONYMA. 41 

atulate, slightly shining, pale tawny. Spire long, the apex 
subacute. Whorls 13 to 14, planulate, joined by a simple 
suture, the last whorl one-fourth the total length. Aperture 
small, acutely oval; outer margin of the peristome simple, 
straight; columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 28, 
diam. 6 mm. (Morel.). 

Natal, near Port Elizabeth (Crawford). 

Stenogyra acus MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 8, pi. 
1,.,-^. 6. Not Bulimus acus Pfr., a Calostele. 

This shell belongs to the group of B. lanceolatus Pfr. which 
inhabits the same region. It reproduces that species in min- 
iature, having a shell of the same sort, epidermis the same 
color, and an equal number of whorls; but it is smaller and 
more delicate, the last whorl is less developed, the aperture 
smaller, and finally, the left border of the peristome is more 
widely dilated and leaves an umbilical crevice, which does 
not exist in its congener B. lanceolatus (Morelet) . 

5. E. NATALENSIS (Burnup). PI. 10, fig. 72. 

"Shell elongate, attenuate above, very narrowly umbili- 
cate, thin, yellowish- white, shining, subtranslucent ; with 9% 
rather ventricose whorls, the last being one-third of the whole 
length of the shell, and all, except the first two apical whorls, 
being ornamented with close, fine, sharp, curved, transverse 
lirae, the apical whorls being smooth, and the apex itself ob- 
tuse ; aperture ovate ; outer lip very thin, simple, arched for- 
ward rather above the middle, and receding towards the base ; 
inner lip rolled closely back over the columella, which is 
arcuate. Length 21.5, lat. 6.75 mm." (Burnup). 

Umbogintwini, near Durban, Natal (Burnup). 

Obeliscus natalensis BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vi, 
p. 304, pi. 16, f. 9 (June, 1905). 

The close lirate sculpture, which gives the whole shell a 
soft, silky appearance, readily distinguishes this species from 
0. lanceolatus (Pfr.), which is the nearest South African ally 
known. In the type the exceedingly thin labrum is slightly 
broken away at the base, for which due allowance has been 
made in the measurements given. On the parietal wall the 


42 EUONYMA. 

sculpture is almost obliterated by the beginning of the for- 
mation of a callus. A second example of this shell, found at 
Table Mountain (Natal), at a distance of about 50 miles 
from Umbogintwini, and at an altitude of fully 2,000 feet 
above the sea (while the last named locality is little above 
sea-level), has the callus, which is almost pure white, in a 
more advanced state of development, and the labrum more 
triangularly reflexed, and is 23 mm. long by 7 mm. broad. 
It also has the thin labrum slightly damaged (Burnup}. 

6. E. CACUMINATA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, figs. 71, 
73, 74. 

Shell acutely turrited, slender, pellucid, whitish-corneous, 
very smooth throughout, glossy. Whorls 10, the last five 
nearly equal, gradually gradate towards the apex; apex 
somewhat papillar. Aperture ovate ; peristome simple, acute. 
Length 21, diam. 5 mm. (M. & P.). 

South Africa: Bedford (Farquhar). 

Stenogyra cacuminata M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), 
ix, p. 85, pi. 6, f. 2 (Jan., 1892). Subulina c., M. & P., Proc. 
Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 179. 

"A remarkably delicate, shining, pellucid shell, differing 
from all the species of the genus hitherto described, though 
its characters are simple enough" (If. & P.). 

Two specimens are before me, the larger being figured, pi. 
10, figs. 73, 74. The shell tapers almost straightly, but is 
just perceptibly contracted near the obtuse, rounded sum- 
mit. It is very glossy, pale greenish-yellow, corneous, and 
shows only very weak wrinkles of growth. The upper whorl 
is smooth, hemispherical; the third whorl is 2 mm. in diam. 
The whorls increase very slowly, and the last is short. Aper- 
ture oblique, ovate, the columella concave, its edge reflexed 
and adnate. Length 32.7, diam. 7.8, length of aperture 6.5 
mm. ; whorls 12. 

7. E. PURCELLI (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 75. 
Shell fusiform, tapering above, thin, a little shining, rather 

smooth, pale olive-greenish. Whorls 9, the first two mamil- 


EUONYMA. 43 

late, very obtuse, the rest swollen; last whorl short. Aper- 
ture ovate ; peristome thin, a little effuse, the columellar mar- 
gin a little thickened, white, somewhat truncate towards the 
base. Length 17, diam. 4.5 mm. (M. & P.). 

Cape Colony: Caledon (Mr. Purcell). 

Subulina purcelli M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii, 
p. 317; pi. 2, f. 6 (Oct., 1901). 

"A Subulina of unusual form, perhaps not quite adult. 
The tumid whorls, extremely obtuse apex, want of sculpture, 
peculiar olive-green hue, and somewhat compressed body- 
whorl amply characterize it" (M. & P.). 

8. E. GLAUCOCYANEA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 10, fig. 76. 
Shell fusiform, corneous, bluish, a little glossy. Whorls 

10 to 11, a little flattened, obscurely striate, the striae nearly 
straight. Aperture ovate-oblong; peristome outwardly thin, 
the columellar margin reflexed, straight. Length 22, diam. 
5 mm. (M. & P.}. 

Port Elizabeth. 

Subulina glaucocyanea M. & P., Ann. and Mag. (6), xviii, 
p. 317, pi. 16, f. 5 (Oct., 1896). 

"Allied, doubtless, closely to 8. turriformis Krauss, the 
commonest and best known South African species, but differ- 
ing in the following particulars: (a) greater size; (&) tex- 
ture, being more transparently corneous; (c) color, a livid 
glaucous blue; and (d) lastly, in the whorls being less im- 
pressed at the sutures" (M. & P.). 

9. E. TURRIFORMIS (Krauss). PI. 10, fig. 77, 78. 

Shell subrimate, long-turrited, thin, glossy corneous, nearly 
smooth. Spire long, rather acute. Whorls 9, a little con- 
vex, the last one-third the total length. Columella straight- 
ened. Aperture oblong-oval; peristome simple, acute, unex- 
panded, the columellar margin shortly reflexed, basal margin 
appressed. Length 7.5, diam. 2.2 lines (Krauss}. 

Natal (J. A. Wahlberg) ; Port Elizabeth; Lydenburg, 
Transvaal (Craven) ; The Kowie (Dr. Penther). 

Bulimus turriformis KRAUSS, Die Sudafrikanischen Mol- 


44 EUONYMA. 

lusken, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 2 (1848). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 392.- 
MORELET, J. de Conchyl., 1889, p. 19. Bulimus (Stenogyra) 
turriformis CRAVEN, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 615. Opcas turriforme 
Kr., STURANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvii, 1899, 
p. 596. Not Bulimus turriformis Reeve, 1850. 

Specimens before me from Pinetown are about typical in 
size and form, length 14.5, diam. 4.4 mm., aperture 5 mm. 
long, are of a greenish-corneous tint, rather opaque. The fine 
strise are arcuate and stronger near the suture, almost obso- 
lete on the base ; whorls 81/2, the first smooth, hemispherical. 
The early whorls are just perceptibly attenuate. Suture 
deeply impressed. The apex is small ; the diam. of the third 
whorl 1 mm. Some eggs of these specimens are globular, 
1.2 mm. in diam. 

E. turriformis sarissa n. subsp. PI. 10, figs. 84, 85. 

Shell perforate (more openly than in turriformis), acu- 
minate-turrited, the upper fourth perceptibly contracted, the 
apex small, obtuse; bluish-corneous under a very thin pale 
yellowish cuticle, subtrauslucent, the columellar axis faintly 
visible through; thin, glossy. Sculpture of fine, irregular 
wrinkles of growth, arcuate and strongest near the suture. 
Whorls 10, moderately convex, separated by an impressed 
suture, faintly margined by translucence below. Aperture 
long-ovate, the outer lip arched forward above, somewhat re- 
tracted basally. Columella nearly straight with triangularly 
reflexed edge. Length 20.7, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 
mm. ; diam. of apex 1 mm. 

Natal. 

This form is represented by a dozen specimens presented to 
the Academy by John Cassin many years ago. It is in every 
way larger than turriformis, more transparent, with more 
whorls and a narrower aperture, but in other respects it 
agrees closely. 

10. E. LINEARIS (Krauss). PI. 10, figs. 79, 80. 

Shell subrimate, turritcd-subulate, thin, somewhat glossy, 
corneous, very finely striate. Spire elongate, the apex rather 


EUONYMA. 45 

acute. Whorls 10, rather flat, the last one-fourth the total 
length. Columella straightened. Aperture oval; peristome' 
simple, acute, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin 
shortly reflexed, basal appressed. Length 5.8, diam. 1.3 lines 
(Krauss). 

Port Elizabeth; Durban Bluff, Isipingo, etc. (Dr. Pen- 
ther) ^ Mt. Mohapaani, on the Limpopo river (J. A. Wahl- 
berg, type loc.), Wynberg, Orange River Colony, and Lyden- 
burg, Transvaal (Craven). 

Bulimus linearis KRAUSS, Die Sudafr. Moll., p. 78, pi. 5, 
f. 3 (1848). PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 157; Conchyl. Cab., p. 257, 
pi. 69, f. 15-17. REEVE, C. Icon., v, fig. 648. CRAVEN, P. Z. 
S., 1880, p. 616. MORELET, J. de Conch., 1889, p. 19. Opeas 
linear e STURANY, Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvii, p. 
597, 1899. 

"B. turriformis 'and B. linearis are closely related to one 
another, but the last is comparatively much longer and nar- 
rower, almost cylindric, distinctly striate, has 10 whorls, and 
the mouth is but little lengthened. The strias (which are vis- 
ible only under a lens), as well as the right margin of the 
peristome, are arcuate" (Krauss). 

Sturany remarks that this species has a thread-like suture, 
other characteristic marks being the glossy surface, the num- 
ber of whorls (10), and the size, about 12.5x3 mm. 

11. E. CRYSTALLINA (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 10, fig. 81. 
Shell very glassy, very slender and very thin, glossy, 

wholly smooth. Whorls 11, impressed at the suture, grad- 
ually increasing, straight, the last a little produced. Aper- 
ture small, ovate; peristome thin and simple. Length 15, 
diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.}. 

Pietermaritzburg. 

Subulina crystallina M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), 
xviii, p. 316, pi. 16, f. 4 (Oct., 1896). 

"A very graceful, glossy species, separable at a glance 
from its South African congeners. ' ' 

12. E. MAGILENSIS (Craven). PI. 10, figs. 82, 83. 

"Shell turriform, sub transparent, solid, very glossy, show- 


46 CURVELLA. 

ing the lines of growth very plainly, of a pale olive-brown 
color, rather lighter near the apex; apex large and obtuse, 
spire elongated; whorls 9 to 10, very slightly convex and 
gradually increasing; aperture pyriform, occupying rather 
less than one-sixth of the entire length of the shell; labrum 
simple, columella somewhat oblique and faintly reflexed; 
suture very deep but narrow, slightly puckered at its edges. 
Length 30 to 35, diam. 9, aperture 7x4.5 mm. (Craven). 

Magila, Ussambara, under moss growing on rocks (Craven) ; 
Zanzibar coast, in woods under stones (Dr. W. Schmidt). 

Bulimus magilensis CRAV., P. Z. S., 1880, p. 217, pi. 22, f. 
3. Opeas magilense MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ost- 
Afr., p. 126. 

Peculiar by its bright gloss and thick-edged aperture, 
broadly rounded below; imperf orate. Prof. von. Martens 
gives the measurements of Dr. Schmidt's specimen as length 
50, diam. 8, aperture very oblique, 7.5x5.5 mm., whorls 


Genus CURVELLA Chaper, 1885. 

Hapalus ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 140, for Bulimus 
grateloupi Pfr. Not Hapalus Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 37, 
1820 (Coleoptera). Curvella CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. de 
France, x, pp. 48, 49 (1885), for C. sulcata and C. inornata. 

Shell oblong-conic, perforate or imperforate, thin, translu- 
cent, covered with a thin, pale cuticle (as in Opeas) ; growth- 
lines strongly arcuate. Apical whorl obtuse, rounded and 
smooth. Aperture ovate, the outer lip acute, arching forward 
in the middle, retracted at suture and base ; columella slightly 
sinuous or straight, curving into the basal margin. Central 
tooth of the radula narrow, laterals tricuspid. Type C. sul- 
cata Chaper. 

Distribution, Africa, India, East Indies. Illustrated on 
plates 6 to 9. 

This genus is separated from Opeas by the forwardly 
arched outer lip, the shorter, wider contour, and usually 
smaller number of whorls. The columella is frequently sin- 
uous. In some cases the separation from Opeas seems some- 


CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 47 

what arbitrary, and the boundaries of the two groups in de- 
tail are still unsettled. 

The species were considered Bulimi in the older classifica- 
tions, but there is no doubt that they are Achatinoid. 

Reproduction is by globular eggs, small and calcareous- 
shelled, as in the closely related group Opeas. 
The ^pecies may be grouped thus : 
African species: 

West Africa, species 1 to 10. 
East Africa, species 11 to 20. 
South Africa, species 21 to 28. 
Indian and Chinese species, no. 29 to 37. 
East Indian and Philippine species, no. 38 to 45. 

Key to West African species of Curvella. 

I. Axis perforate. 

a. Aperture half the length of shell or more. 
b. Length 5.5, diam. 2.5 rmn., whorls 6. 

C. ovata, no. 7. 
bb. Length 12 mm. 

C. guineensis, no. 9 ; C. concentrica, no. 8. 
aa. Aperture decidedly less than half the length. 

C. terrulenta, no. 10 ; C. redfieldi juv., no. 3. 
II. Axis irnperforate in adult shells : 

a. Columella straight or nearly so. 

b. Sculpture of growth-striae; 5 convex whorls; 

length about 10 mm. C. inornata, no. 6. 

bb. Sculpture of growth-striae and spaced 

grooves ; whorls 5y 2 ; 9x4, aperture 4.5 mm. 

C. liberiana, no. 5. 
aa. Columella decidedly sinuous. 

b. Aperture less than half the total length; 

sculpture of stria? or growth- wrinkles only. 

c. Length 11, diam. 4.7, apert. 5 mm.; 

6y 2 whorls. C. decepta, no. 4. 

cc. Length 10.7-11, diam. 3.5-4, apert. 4- 

4.3 mm. ; 7 whorls. C. redfieldi, no. 3. 


48 CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 

bb. Aperture half the shell's length; sculpture of 
arcuate, spaced grooves. 

c. 9x4 mm., whorls 5. C. sulcata, no. 1. 
cc. S^xS 1 /^ mm., whorls 7. 

C. daillyana, no. 2. 

1. C. SULCATA Chaper. PL 7, figs. 1, 2. 

The shell is very regularly conic and composed of 5 whorls ; 
thin, transparent, olivaceous, the whorls not globose, and the 
suture in consequence not very deep. They are ornamented 
with flat, glossy plaits, very regularly spaced, separated by 
narrow intervals, and curved like the lip-edge. The colu- 
mella is a little curved. Length 9, diam. 4 mm. 

Coffee plantation of Elima, lagune d'Assinie, on the Ivory 
Coast (Chaper). 

Curvella sulcata CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1885, 
p. 48, pi. 1, f. 10, 11. C. striata JOUSSEAUME, Proces-verbaux 
de la Soc. Zool. de France, 1885, p. xxii (error for sulcata). 

Type is in the collection of the Ecole des Mines. The aper- 
ture seems from the figure to be about half the length of the 
shell. 

2. C. DAILLYANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 7, fig. 3. 

Shell subfusiformly long-ovate, imperforate, glossy, sub- 
perpendicularly arcuately impressed sulcate ; spire long-conic 
with rather obtuse apex. Whorls 7, a little convex; separ- 
ated by a margined, impressed suture, slightly ascending at 
the aperture; last whorl tapering basally, about half the 
length of the shell. Aperture vertical, sinuate-long-ovate; 
columella strongly twisted ; peristome unexpanded, acute, the 
right margin noticeably arcuate, moderately produced arcu- 
ately in the middle ; columellar margin widely reflexed above, 
adnate, callously thickened forming a duplication; below 
bending strongly to the left, joining the basal margin with a 
curve. Length 8.5, diam. 3.33 mm. (d'Ailly). 

Kamerun: Ekumba-Liongo (Duzen) ; Buea (Jungner). 

Hapalus sulcatus D'AILLY, Mollusques terrestres et d'eau 
douce de Kameroun, in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 


CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 49 

xxii, afd. iv, no. 2, p. 60, pi. 5, f. 5, 1896. Not C. sulcata 
diaper. 

This species seems to be very closely related to C. sulcata 
Chaper; but that shell, while larger, is said to have but five 
whorls. The columella is twisted more than in C. decepta 
Rve. 

3. C. REDFIELDI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 6, 7. 

Shell imperforate, turrited, slender, the diameter contained 
21/2 to 3 times in the length, thin, subtranslucent, yellow or 
corneous-yellow, glossy. Surface sculptured with fine, irreg- 
ular growth-wrinkles only, without impressed grooves, the 
wrinkles moderately arched forward in the middle, retracted 
above and below. Whorls 7, moderately convex. Aperture 
decidedly less than half the length of the she'll, irregularly 
ovate. Outer lip thin, acute, moderately arched forward; 
columella rather thick, sinuous, the reflexed columellar margin 
completely appressed in adult shells. 

Length 10.7, diam. 3.5, aperture 4 mm. (type). 

Length 11, diam. 4, aperture 4.3 mm. (widest specimen). 

Length 8, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.7 mm. (immature shell with 
6 whorls. 

Liberia, with Subulina angustior, etc. ( J. H. Redfield) ; 
Cape Palmas (A. N. S. coll.). Types no. 58202 A. N. S. P. 

A series of ten specimens is before me, most of them 8 mm. 
long, with 6 whorls, and having a very small perforation be- 
low the columellar reflection, which is appressed except close 
to the columellar lip. I take this to be a sign of immatur- 
ity, although most of the specimens contained eggs. In two 
specimens of more than 10 mm. length the axis is wholly 
closed. C. decepta is a wider, more conic shell, with the colu- 
mella more twisted. C. inornata differs by its straight colu- 
mella; while C. sulcata and daillyana are more strongly 
sculptured shells with the aperture larger, half the shell's 
length. The globular, dirty white, calcareous eggs are 1 mm. 
in diameter. 

4. C. DECEPTA (Reeve). PI. 7, fig. 10, 11. 

"Shell somewhat fusiformly conical, whorls seven in num- 


50 CUBVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 

her, smooth, shining, obscurely concentrically striated from 
the sutures, columella tortuous, receding, callous at the edge, 
aperture oblong, lip simple; greenish- glassy, transparent" 
(Bve.). 

Length 11, diam. 4.5, aperture 5x2.25 mm. (Pfr.). 

Liberia: Cape Palrnas. 

Bulimus interstinctus Gld., PFR., Monogr., ii, 1848, p. 169 
(not of Gould). Bulimus deceptus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, 
pi. 68, f. 488 (May, 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 435. 

It is related to C. guineensis, but differs by the shorter 
last whorl, not tapering base, more twisted columella, etc. It 
is imperforate, while guineensis is described as rimate. 

Specimens are before me from Cape Palmas, Liberia, one 
being figured, pi. 7, fig. 11. The spire is straightly conic, 
apex obtuse, whorls 6^/2. The glossy surface is sculptured 
with close but weak growth-wrinkles, which arch forwards in 
the middle and are moderately retracted above and below. 
The columella is thick, cord-like, and strongly twisted, imper- 
forate. Length 11, diam. 4.7, length of aperture 5 mm. 

5. C. LIBERIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 7, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell imperforate, ovate-turrited, thin, glossy, translucent, 
yellow. Surface sculptured with rather wide-spaced, for- 
wardly-arcuate grooves, which on the last half whorl become 
much more numerous and closer. Between the grooves there 
are slight growth-wrinkles. The spire is straightly conic, 
apex obtuse. Whorls 5 l / 2 , convex. Aperture narrow, half 
the length of the shell, the outer lip moderately arched for- 
wards. Columella subvertical, nearly straight, thick, ab- 
ruptly terminating below, the basal lip being thin and some- 
what retracted. Length 9, diam. 4, alt. of aperture 4.5 mm. 

Liberia, with C. redfieldi, Subulina angustior and 8. stri- 
atella. Type no. 58201 A. N. S. P. 

This species seems to be well distinguished by the grooves 
of the surface and nearly straight columella. C. inornata 
diaper is described as having a straight columella, but with- 
out grooves. In C. sulcata and daillyana the columella is 
strongly twisted. 


CURVELLA, WEST AFRICA. 51 

6. C. INORNATA Chaper. Unfigured. 

Similar in shape to C. sulcata, having also 5 whorls, but 
differing in three constant characters: the whorls are more 
globose, the sculpture consists of simple growth-striae usually 
gathered into groups, very variable in prominence and often 
inconspicuous ; and finally the columella is perfectly straight. 
The species is also a little larger. 

Plantation Elima, Assinie, on the Ivory Coast (Chaper). 

Curvella inornata CHAPER, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, 
p. 49. 

7. C. OVATA (Putzeys). PI. 7, fig. 8. 

Shell oblong-turrited, covered umbilicate, thin white, sub- 
diaphanous, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, ornamented with 
close, arcuate, longitudinal riblets. Aperture oblong, the lip 
acute, arched in the middle; columella straight, vertical, the 
columellar margin reflexed over the perforation. Length 5.5, 
diam. 2.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm. (Putz.). 

Congo basin: Nsendwe, Manyema. 

Hapalus ovatus PUTZ., Ann. de la Soc. Roy. Malac. de 
Belgique, xxxiv, 1899, Bulletins, p. Iviii. 

8. C. CONCENTRICA (Reeve). PI. 7, figs. 9, 14, 15. 

"Shell somewhat acumlnately oblong, scarcely umbilicated, 
whorls seven in number, rather ventricose, concentrically 
finely striated, columella thinly reflected, aperture rather 
large, sinuated at the upper part; transparent straw-color" 
(Eve.}. 

Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 5.5x2.33 mm. (P/V.). 

Liberia (Rve., Cuming coll.) ; Cape Palmas (A. Gould). 

Bulimits concentricus RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 88, f. 656 
(Feb., 1850). PFR., Monogr., iii, 437. 

Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 7, fig. 9. Numerous specimens 
from Cape Palmas are before me, one being drawn in figs. 14, 
15. They have a straightly conic spire of 6 l / 2 to 7 convex 
whorls, the later ones densely sculptured with fine, unequal, 
strongly arcuate stride. There is a small umbilical perfora- 
tion below the reflexed columellar lip. Two shells measure: 


52 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 

Length 12.8, diam. 5.5, aperture 5.8 mm. 
Length 11.2, diam. 5, aperture 5.5 mm. 

9. C. GUINEENSIS ('Jonas' Phil.). PI. 7, figs. 4, 5. 

Shell rirnate, oblong conic, very thin, hyaline, pale citron- 
colored, very finely striated, the spire acute. AVhorls 7, a 
little convex, the last half the length of the shell. Aperture 
ovate-oblong, lip acute, colurnella slightly twisted. Length 6, 
width 2 lines (Phil.). Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 6^x3 
mm. (Pfr.). 

Guinea. 

Bulimus guineensis Jonas, PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. 
neuer Conch., i, p. 54, pi. 1, f. 4 (Oct., 1843). PFR., Monogr., 
ii, p. 178. REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 86, f. 641. Bulimus guin- 
aicus BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Abyssinie, p. 65, in Ann. des 
Sci. Naturelles, Zoologie, xv, 1883 (new name). 

The outer lip is weakly arched forward. It is more slen- 
der than C. sulcata, very fragile and transparent. 

10. C. TERRULENTA (Morelet). PI. 9, figs. 42, 43. 

Shell finely perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, slightly 
shining, sculptured with close delicate riblets; corneous- 
brownish. Spire conic, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 
7, convex, joined by an impressed suture, the last whorl ob- 
scurely angnlar at the base, slightly more than one-third the 
length of the shell. Aperture oval; peristome acute, unex- 
panded, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated, 
narrowly expanded. Length 11, diam. 5 mm. (Morel.). 

Lope, on the banks of the river Ogooue (Ogowe), Gaboon 
(French Congo). 

Bulimus tcrrulentus MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1883, p. 
398, pi. 10, f. 3. 

The surface sculpture consists of an oblique, regular, dense 
and low costulation. This species may be an Opeas; it seems 
not to have the sinuous peristome of Curvella. 

East African Species. 
C. subviridesccns is imperf orate; the others are more or 


CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 53 

less perforate or umbilicate, and are here arranged by size, 
from larger to smaller, in the absence of data sufficient for 
a natural grouping. 

11. C. SUBVIRIDESCENS (E. A. Smith). PI. 9, fig. 41. 

Shell imperforate, elongate, thin, glossy, subpellucid, pale 
greenish. Whorls 7, slightly convex, sculptured with curved 
growth-strise ; spire obtuse at the apex. Suture slightly ob- 
lique, distinct; aperture inversely subauriform, five-thir- 
teenths the length of the shell; lip very thin, projecting in 
the middle, curved. Columella somewhat twisted, whitish, 
slightly and delicately reflexed, joined to the outer lip by a 
delicate callus. Length 14, diam. 5%, aperture 5 mm. long, 
2i/ 2 wide (Smith). 

Mamboia, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. elevation (Last). 

Bulinnis (Hapalus) subviridescens SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. 
H. (6), vi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 12 (August, 1890). 

"This is a more slender species than Hapalus grateloupi 
Pfr., the type of the group, has a somewhat shorter body 
whorl, and a less distinct spiral curve on the columella. In 
one of the specimens there are about half a dozen roundish 
eggs, which are seen through the transparency of the shell, 
as in many species of Stenogyra" (Smith). 

12. C. SINULABRIS (Martens). PI. 8, figs. 25, 26. 

Shell perforate, elongate, thin, sculptured with incised 
arcuate strise, somewhat shining, pale yellowish ; apex obtuse. 
Whorls 8, the first convex, following ones nearly flat, the last 
whorl oblong, tapering at the base, perceptibly descending in 
front. Aperture oblong, acutely angular above, narrowly 
rounded below, the outer margin unexpanded, thin, arcuate, 
sinuously receding at the insertion; colurnellar margin 
dilated, reflexed, half covering the perforation. Length 18 
to 18.5, diam. 6, aperture 6.5 to 7 mm. long, 3 wide (Martens). 

Kipopotue in TJkamba (Hildebrandt). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) sinuldbris MARTENS, Monatsberichte d. 
Akad. d. Wissensch. in Berlin, 1878, p. 295, pi. 2, f. 3, 4.- 
Hapalus s., MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 130. 


54 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 


< < i 


'The arcuate, forwardly bowed growth-lines, the reflexed 
columellar margin, the delicate, transparent structure of the 
shell, and small number of whorls for a Stenogyra, indicate 
the natural position of this species in the genus Hapalus, 
where it belongs next to subviridescens and elongatus. The 
structure of the radula, especially the small size of the middle 
tooth, which formerly led me to place the species in Steno- 
gyra, also agrees with Hapalus according to the latest re- 
searches. Stenogyra javana Rve., Opeas semperi Hid. and 
0. ternatana Bttg. are closely related to this species and may 
well belong also to Hapalus" (Martens}. 

13. C. SUTURALIS (Martens). PI. 8, fig. 20. 

Lanceolate, with very narrow but circular umbilicus and 
moderately strong striae, bent back below the suture ; whitish ;, 
7 whorls, regularly increasing, the suture being bordered be- 
low by a somewhat raised girdle ivhich is bounded by a 
groove; the last whorl gradually tapering downwards, ob- 
liquely descending to the mouth. Aperture scarcely oblique, 
less than half the length of the shell, acute-angularly ellip- 
tical with unexpanded, simple margins. Outer lip arcuate 
above, lower margin narrowly rounded, columellar margin 
thickened and strongly twisted, reflexed above and appressed, 
half closing the umbilicus, and continued as a distinct layer 
upon the parietal wall. Length 14, diam. 5.5, aperture 6.5 
mm. long, 3 wide (Martens). 

Kitohaui, on the plateau between Ukuledi and Umbekuru, 
in the district of Mgao, southwestern part of the German 
Protectorate (Lieder). 

Hapalus suturalis MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 129, 
pi. 5, f. 15. 

14. C. DISPARILIS (E. A. Smith). PI. 8, figs. 16, 21. 

Shell perforate, ovate, a little acuminate above, whitish or 
waxen, glossy. Whorls 6, slightly convex, parted by a light, 
oblique suture, longitudinally sharply striated, the striae 
curved, more or less vanishing below ; last whorl large, rather 
swollen; apex rather obtuse. Aperture long, inversely auri- 


CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 55 

form, more than half the total length of the shell; lip thin, 
prominent in the middle, curved, incised or sinuate at the 
suture. Columella slightly oblique, expanded and reflexed, 
slightly twisted. Length 13, diam. 6.5, aperture 6% mm. 
long, 3 wide (Smith}. 

Mamboia, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. elevation (Last); Butumbi; 
west side of Runssoro, 1,175 meters, on the Itiri river, etc. 
(Stuhlmann). 

Bulimus (Hapalus) disparilis SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), 
vi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 13 (Aug., 1890). Hapalus d., MARTENS, 
Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 128, with fig. of genitalia; pi. 1, 
f. 12, shell. 

"In the single specimen from the above locality the striae 
upon the upper whorls are strongly marked near the suture 
above, and become weaker towards the lower part. On the 
last volution, however, the striae are equally strongly incised 
all over the surface, being especially distinct near the outer 
lip. There is a. slight depression below the suture in this 
whorl, but it may only be an individual peculiarity. 

In three specimens collected by Sir J. Kirk in Usagara, 
which are smaller than the type, the strias are still stronger 
and continue from suture to suture. They also differ in hav- 
ing the whorls slightly more convex and in being imperfor- 
ate; but this may be due to the immaturity. Notwithstand- 
ing these differences, on placing them side by side they all 
appear to belong to the same species" (Smith). 

Dr. Stuhlmann noted that the soft parts are pale citron- 
yellow, the tentacles light reddish. Length of the foot 10 
mm. It always contained eggs. The columella of the shell, 
in those collected by Dr. Stuhlmann, was always more or less 
twisted, and they are a little more slender than Smith's type; 
but in all other respects they agree well. The impressed, 
arcuate striae are especially well developed in this species. 
The genitalia, from a drawing by Schako, are figured, f . 16. 

15. C. KRETSCHMERI (Martens). PI. 8, fig. 17. 

Shell long-lanceolate, with the umbilicus not very narrow, 
with weak striae somewhat bent back below the suture ; whit- 


56 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 

ish. Whorls 7, regularly increasing, pretty flat, only a little 
convex below the suture, the last whorl rounded beneath, de- 
scending to the aperture. Aperture scarcely oblique, much 
less than half as long as the shell, pirif orm, with unexpanded, 
simple margins. Outer lip weakly arched above, more so 
below ; basal margin narrowly rounded ; columellar margin 
thickened, triangularly expanded and reflexed, not covering 
the umbilicus. Length 12, diam. 5 mm., aperture 5 mm. long, 
3 wide (Martens) . 

British East Africa, Dschala Lake, southeast of Kilima- 
Njaro (Dr. Kretschrner). 

Ha pal us krcisclnneri MARTENS, Beschalte "Weichthiere D. 
O.-Af., p. 129, pi. 5, f. 22. 

"Midway between H. disparilis and H. delicatus, being 
narrower than the former, fuller and wider than the latter." 

16. C. CONOIDEA (Martens). PL 8, fig. 18. 

Shell conic-ovate with circular umbilical opening and im- 
pressed arcuate lines, which distinctly bend back near the 
suture; somewhat glossy, yellowish- white. Six regularly in- 
creasing whorls with moderately deep suture, the last whorl 
rounded beneath, not conspicuously deflexed in front. Aper- 
ture vertical, pirif orm; peristome simple, the outer margin 
forwardly convex, basal margin rounded, columellar margin 
somewhat dilated and expanded outwardly. Length 10, diam. 
5.5, aperture 4.5x2.5 mm. (Marts.). 

East Africa: Migere in Butumbi, on the south shore of 
the Ngesi, in leaf -mould of the forest (Stuhlmann). 

Hapalus conoideus MARTS., Sitz.-Ber. d. Ges. nat. Freunde, 
1892, 177; Beschalte Weichthiere D. O.-Af r., p. 129, pi. 5, 
f. 14. 

Differs from the other species 'by its open umbilicus and the 
rather dilated columellar margin, but it shows the character- 
istic arcuate striation of the genus. 

17. C. NYASANA Smith. PI. 9, fig. 50. 

Shell elongate, ovate-conoid, whitish, subpellucid, narrowly 
umbilicate, sculptured with strongly curved, riblet-like 


CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 57 

growth-lines. Spire elongate-conic, obtuse at the apex. 
Whorls 6 to 6!/o, a little convex, regularly, slowly increasing, 
separated by a lightly oblique suture. Aperture ovate, acu- 
minate above, about half the total length ; peristome thin, the 
right margin prominently curved in the middle, deeply re- 
ceding to the suture; columellar margin oblique, broadly ex- 
panded and reflexed. Alt, 12.5, diam. 6.5, aperture 6x3 mm. 
(Smith). 

British Central Africa : Mt. Chiradzulu, Masuku plateau, 
6,000-7,000 ft. ; Nyika range, 7,000 ft. 

Curvella nyasana SM., P. Z. S., 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 44. 

"This species may prove to be the same as Hapalus conoi- 
deus of Martens, but judging from the figures, it seems to be 
longer and narrower with a more produced and less pointed 
spire." 

A variety from Zomba Plateau is "larger than the type, 
wider, the spire shorter, the upper whorls shorter; length 
18.5, diam. 11 mm." 

18. C. ASSOCIATA (E. A. Smith). PI. 8, fig. 19. 

Shell elongate, narrow, scarcely perforated, glossy, whitish 
or waxen. Whorls 6, convex, slowly widening, sculptured 
with strong, regular, close, subhorizontal, slightly curved 
strife; separated by a slightly oblique suture; the last whorl 
small. Aperture small, about three-eighths the total length; 
lip thin, lightly arcuate ; columella slightly twisted, expanded 
and reflexed, joined to the outer lip by a thin callus. Length 
7.5, diam. 3% mm.; aperture 3 mm. long, 1.5 wide (Smith). 

Mamboia, 4,000-5,000 ft. elevation (Rev. Last). 

Bulimus (Hapalus) associatus SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 
(6), vi, p. 157, pi. 5, f. 14 (Aug., 1890). 

"This species has the sculpture very like that of Hapalus 
disparilis, but is quite distinct on account of its very differ- 
ent form." 

19. C. WHYTEI Smith. PI. 9, fig. 47. 

Shell elongate, obtuse at the apex, imperforate, thin, pale 
straw-colored, glossy, very delicately arcuately striated. 


58 CURVELLA, EAST AFRICA. 

Whorls 6 to 7, a little convex, parted by an oblique suture, 
the last whorl long. Aperture vertical, inversely auriform; 
peristome thin, simple, the columellar margin reflexed, ap- 
pressed, the right margin projecting, curved. Length 12.5, 
diam. 4.33, aperture 4.33x2 mm. (Smith"). 

Mount Chiradzulu and Zomba Plateau, 5,000 ft. 

Curvella whytei SM., P. Z. S., 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 45. 

" Martens writes concerning this species: 'Distinct from 
all my species by its slender form; C. delicata the nearest, 
but also somewhat broader than yours. ' 

20. C. DELICATA ('Gibbons' Taylor). PI. 8, figs. 33, 34, 35. 

''Shell conic- turrite, elongate, very thin, semi-transparent, 
glossy, of a pearly-gray color, clouded and rather opaque in 
places, finely but very distinctly striulate transversely, the 
striulge rather curved, with the convexity towards the aper- 
ture; epidermis very thin; whorls 7-8, rather tumid, rapidly 
enlarging, especially after the fourth or fifth whorl, the last 
being much the largest and most tumid ; apex rather obtuse ; 
suture deep and distinct; mouth rather narrow, ovate, some- 
what oblong, lips almost parallel, outer thin and sinuous, 
inner slightly reflected behind anterior end of aperture, 
rounded; umbilicus narrow but rather deep. Length 0.275, 
breadth 0.093 inches" (Taylor}. 

Zanzibar (Gibbons, Schmidt) ; Derema, Ussambara (Con- 
radt), Monyonyo, Uganda (Emin Pasha). 

Opeas delicata Gibbons MS., TAYLOR, Quart. Journ. of 
Conch., i, p. 281, pi. 3, f. 3. Hapalus d., MARTENS, Beschalte 
Weichthiere, p. 130, p. 5, f. 16, with var, gracilior. 

"Rather diffused around Zanzibar, but not common; 
usually under stones. A number were found by Mr. Gib- 
bons in the interstices of a small piece of coral, lying on the 
ground under a tree; a few yards away great quantities of 
dead and old shells were lying among the grass, near some 
bushes. 

"In March this species contains 3 or 4 large calcareous- 
ehelled eggs" (Taylor). 

Var. gracilior Martens. Length 7, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.5x 


CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 59 

1.33 mm. Ongenya, west of the Semliki river, in the forest 
region, in mould of a banana plantation. 

South African Species. 

21. C. CALOGLYPTA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 8, fig. 22. 
Shell ovate, subrimate, thin, subpellucid. Whorls 5, in- 
cluding the depressed, minute, apical one, all impressed at 
the suture, gradate-ventricose, longitudinally very closely 
and obliquely lirate throughout. Last whorl much larger 
than the preceding. Aperture ovate ; peristome thin, the 
columellar margin a little thickened, triangularly reflexed. 
Length 4.5, diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.}. 

Otto's Bluff, near Pietermaritzburg, Natal (Burnup). 

Curvella caloglypta M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), 
viii, p. 320, pi. 2, f. 12. 

"From the three Curvellce hitherto found in the South 
African region, C. catarractiz, sinuosa, and globosa M. & P., 
this most delicate species differs in the more quadrate whorls, 
compressed sutures, and especially in the close and regular 
oblique longitudinal liration, which needs, of course, a lens 
to bring out its beauty. It has only hitherto been found in 
very small quantity" (Melvill & Ponsonby). 

22. C. CATARRACT^ (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 8, fig. 23. 
Shell ovate-fusiform, translucent, very thin, smooth, very 

pale corneous-olivaceous. Whorls 5, the apical one obtuse, 
the last rapidly increasing, a little inflated, immaculate. 
Aperture small, ovate; outer lip thin, simple; columella 
rather straight, triangularly reflexed over the umbilical re- 
gion. Length 4.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (M. & P.). 

Howick, a waterfall near Pietermaritzburg, Natal. 

Hapalus catarracta M. & P., Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6), xix, 
p. 635, pi. 17, f. 4. 

23. C. CROSLYI Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 27, 28. 

"Shell imperf orate, fusiform, white, thin, shining; with 6 
whorls, the last three being more ventricose than the others, 
slightly impressed at the sutures, irregularly ornamented with 


60 CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 

curved, transverse striae, which are crossed by a greater 
number of regular, microscopic, spiral strife, the last whorl 
being less than the spire ; aperture ovate ; labrum thin, simple, 
well arched forward in the middle, labium thickened and 
thrown back, quite covering and closing the umbilicus; colu- 
mella slightly curved obliquely to the left ; callus-scar extend- 
ing from the suture well above the columella, and com- 
pletely covering the umbilical region. Long. 6.5, lat. 2.75 
mm. (Burnup). 

Makowe, Zululand, Natal (J. Crosly). 

Curvella croslyi BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 
1905, p. 302, pi. 16, f. 3, 4. 

"This beautiful shell is much the largest of the South 
African Curvella yet discovered, and I have much pleasure 
in naming it after the discoverer, Mr. J. Crosly. 

'It is a thin, white, shining shell of six whorls, of which 
the last three are rather ventricose, and the upper three 
flatter. The irregular transverse sculpture, following the 
line of growth, which, like the outer lip, is well curved for- 
ward, is easily seen with a weak lens; while the fine spiral 
sculpture is only visible under a strong magnifier. 

'With the type are four 'dead' specimens, probably not 
quite mature, the largest measuring only 10.5 mm. in length, 
in which the umbilicus is open and the callus not well de- 
veloped, but in other respects they agree with the type. I 
have also before me two of the calcareous eggs which were 
syringed from the shell ; they are white, nearly spherical, and 
measure about 1.3 mm. in diameter" (Burnup) . 

24. C. ELEVATA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 29, 30. 

"Shell elongate-conic, umbilieate, pale ashy straw-color, 
thin shining, translucent; with 6 slightly ventricose whorls, 
not much impressed at the sutures, the apex being blunt, and 
the last whorl 2.5 mm. of the length of the shell, very finely, 
irregularly sculptured with curved, transverse striae, with 
traces of microscopic spiral lines over the umbilicus; colu- 
mella paler, nearly straight, slightly bent to the left. Long. 
6.5, lat. 3 mm. (Bitrnup). 


CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 61 

Grahamstown, Cape Colony (J. Farquhar). 

Curvella elevata BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 
1905, p. 304, pi. 16, f. 10, 11. 

"Broader at the periphery, which is situate lower on the 
body-whorl and with straighter sides, and therefore of more 
pyramidal outline, this shell is more elegant in form than 
either .of the preceding allied species, C. straminea and C. 
succinea, from which it is easily distinguished" (Burnup) . 

In the above description, in place of "last whorl 2.5 mm. 
of the length of the shell" should probably be read, "last 
whorl contained 2.5 times in the length of the shell." 

25. C. GLOBOSA (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 8, fig. 31. 

Shell ashy-white, glossy, thin, inflated, ovate. Whorls 6, 
the apical one obtuse, the rest rather swollen, almost smooth, 
under a lens seen to be irregularly striatulate longitudinally ; 
the last whorl large, inflated. Aperture ovate; peristome 
thin, with a wedge-shaped narrowly reflected process over the 
umbilicus, which is very narrow. Length 6, width 3 mm. 
(M. & P.}. 

Stella Bush. 

Hapalus globosus M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (7), ii, p. 128, 
pi. 7, f. 6 (August, 1898). 

It differs from H. catarracttz in substance, color, greater 
inflation of whorl, and one or two other particulars. 

26. C. SINUOSA Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 8, fig. 32. 

Shell fusiform, glossy, thin, pale and bright straw-color. 
Whorls (including the papillar, obtuse, and very smooth 
apex) 7, impressed at the sutures, nearly smooth, under a 
lens longitudinally flexuous-striatulate. Aperture ovate; 
peristome sinuous, simple, the columellar margin straight. 
Length 6.5, diam. 3 mm. (M. & P.). 

Umkomaas, Natal. 

Curvella sinuosa M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), iv, p. 
198, pi. 3, f. 12 (Sept., 1899). 

"An elegantly fusiform Curvella, quite distinct from the 
two other recently described species (catarractae and globosa 


62 CURVELLA, SOUTH AFRICA. 

M. & P.), but equally delicate and remarkable. The chief 
peculiarity of the shell now before us is, as indicated by its 
specific name, the sinuous lip." 

27. C. STRAMINEA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 36, 37. 

Shell oblong-ovate, umbilicate, thin, shining, straw-colored, 
subtranslucent ; with 5y 2 rather ventricose whorls, impressed 
at the sutures, ornamented with close, clear, fine, arched, 
transverse striae; aperture oval; peristome thin, simple, tri- 
angularly reflexed over the narrow umbilicus ; columella and 
callus white, the former being slightly curved inwards at the 
base. Length 6.5, width 2.75 mm. (Burnup). 

Walmer, near Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony (Miss Hickey). 
Several specimens. 

Curvella straminea H. C. BURNUP, Proceedings Malacolog- 
ical Society of London, vi, 1905, p. 303, plate 16, figs. 5, 6. 

This pretty little species is more elongate and slender than 
its South African allies, and is conspicuous by its straw-color 
a,nd distinct sculpture, which follows the arcuate contour of 
the outer lip (Burnup). 

28. C. SUCCINEA Burnup. PI. 8, figs. 38, 39. 

"Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly umbilicate, pale horn-color, 
thin, shining, translucent; with 5y 2 slightly ventricose 
whorls ; not much impressed at the sutures, nearly smooth, 
with faint, and very slightly curved, transverse sculpture 
crossed with very close, microscopic, spiral stria? ; apex rather 
blunt; aperture oval, about one- third of the length of the 
whole shell ; peristome thin, simple, reflexed, and- entire, cov- 
ering, but not closing, the umbilicus; columella and callus 
pale straw-color. Length 5.75, width 2.5 mm." (Burnup}. 

Maestrom Forest, Bedford, Cape Colony (J. Farquhar). 

Curvella succinea H. C. BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Society Lon- 
don, vi, 1905, p. 303, pi. 16, f. 7, 8. 

"This delicate little shell, though much resembling in gen- 
eral appearance the last species described (C. straminea), is 
easily distinguished from it by its smaller size, richer color, 
smoother surface, less ventricose whorls, and shallower 


CURVELLA, ASIA. 63 

sutures, while the fine, microscopic, spiral strife, only to be 
seen with the aid of a strong lens, are not traceable in C. 
straminea, and the characteristic arch of the outer lip is not 
so pronounced in this as in the last-named species" (Burnup) . 

Species of India, Farther India and China. 

C. plicifera, no. 29, has an entering parietal lamella. Its 
generic position is doubtful. 

Hapalus travankoricus Theobald, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., 
1876, xlv, pt. 2, p. 186, pi. 14, f. 5, is according to Blanford 
the young of Cataulus calcadensis or some closely related 
species. See J. A. S. B., xlix, pt. 2, p. 215 (1880). 

29. C. PLICIFERA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 45. 

"Shell obtectly perforated, ovately conical, rather thin, 
horny, finely striated. Spire conical, apex obtuse, suture 
marginate, scarcely impressed. Whorls 5, planulately convex 
above, the last longer than the spire, somewhat tumid, rounded 
at the base. Aperture vertical, truncately oval, subpiriform; 
peristome simple; right margin curved forwards; columella 
callous, subvertical, slightly curved, rather broadly reflexed; 
margins united by a callus bearing a small re-entering lamella 
about the centre. Length 9, diam. 5.5 mm." (Blanford). 

Thayet Myo, Pegu; rare. 

Bulimus plicifer W. T. BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Ben- 
gal, xxxiv, pt. 2, p. 77. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 151. HANL. 
& THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 80, f. 8. 

"A more tumid shell than B. putus Bens., and easily dis- 
tinguished from all other Indian and Burmese forms of the 
genus by the re-entering parietal plait." 

The systematic position of this species is uncertain. I have 
not seen specimens. 

30. C. PUTA (Benson). PI. 9, fig. 46. 

Shell perforate, ovate-acute, thin, striatulate, whitish under 
a thin corneous epidermis. Spire conic, the apex rather ob- 
tuse, suture well impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last 
slightly exceeding half the shell's length. Aperture vertical, 


64 CURVELLA, ASIA. 

semioval, rather large ; peristome acute, unexpanded, the 
colmnellar margin reflexed. Length 7, diam. scarcely 5 mm. ; 
aperture scarcely 4 mm. long, 2.5 wide (Bens.). 

Tavoy (Theobald); Pegu (Blanford). 

Bulimus putus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, p. 
330 (April, 1857). PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 502. HANLEY & 
THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi. 80, f. 9. Hapalus putus 
NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 175. 

31. C. PUSILLA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 48. 

"Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, yellowish- white, costu- 
lately striated. Spire cbnically pyramidal; sides straight; 
apex rather acute; suture impressed. Whorls 5, convex, the 
last longer than the spire ( ratio = 4:3) and rounded be- 
neath. Aperture rather oblique, subpirif orm ; peristome sim- 
ple, acute, much curved forwards on the right margin; colu- 
mella scarcely twisted, reflexed, appressed on the whorl. 
Length 6, diam. 3.5, length of aperture 3.2 mm. (Blanf.). 

Prome district, Pegu. 

Spiraxis pusilla BLANF., Contrib. to Ind. Malac., v, Journ. 
Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxxiv, pt. 2, p. 78. Bulimus pusillus 
HANL. & THEOB., Conch. Ind., p. xi, pi. 79, f. 8. PFR., 
Monogr., vi, p. 192. 

"I am not quite sure if all of the few specimens I possess 
of this peculiar small form came from Akoutoung, or whether 
some may not be from Thayet Myo. The shell resembles 
young specimens of Bulimus putus Bens, so closely that it 
can only be distinguished by the absence of any perforation." 

32. C. SCROBICULATA (Blanford). PI. 9, fig. 49. 

' ' Shell subobtectly perforated, turritedly ovate, thin, horny, 
yellowish-white, marked with vertical, subarcuate, rather 
irregular, closely set, raised lines. Spire turrited, apex ob- 
tuse, suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the last 
rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately ovate ; peri- 
stome simple, thin; right margin considerably curved for- 
wards; columellar vertical, curving to the left near the base, 
frequently straight, rather broadly reflexed. Length 7, diam. 
3.5, length of aperture 3.5 mm." (Blanf.). 


CURVELLA, ASIA. 65 

Pegu, west of the Irawady (Blanf.). 

Bulimus scrobiculatus BLANF., Journ. Asiat. !Soc. Bengal, 
vol. 50, pt. 2, p. 77, 1865. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 151. HAN- 
LEY & THEOB., Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 9. Hapalus s., NEVILL, 
Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 179. 

'The nearest ally of this species is its congener B. putus 
Bens., .which inhabits the same localities, and differs in its 
greater tumidity and less marked sculpture. There is, how- 
ever, much variation in the first-named character, and de- 
spite the great difference between the two forms in general, 
there is some appearance of a passage. Two specimens of B. 
putus which I possess, measuring respectively 7 and 8 l / 2 
millm. in length, are both 5 millm. in diameter." 

33. C. MUNIPURENSIS ( Godwin-Austen) . PI. 9, figs. 51, 52. 
"Shell rimate, elongately turrited, thin, covered with a 

pale ochre or straw-colored epidermis, and strongly and ob- 
liquety striated; spire turrited, apex blunt; whorls iy 2 , con- 
vex, suture strongly impressed; aperture oblique, rounded 
below, milky-white inside; peristome acute, outer and upper 
margin arched well forward; columellar margin straight, 
strong, and slightly twisted forward; a thin white callus on 
the parietal margin. Animal pale orange, fainter tint above 
the head ; foot short ; eye-peduncles short, swollen at the base, 
lower tentacles very blunt projections." 

"Alt. .88, diarn. .30; apert. alt. .35, apert. lat. .17 inch." 
Hengdan Peak, on the Munipur boundary, 7,000 ft. eleva- 
tion, among dead leaves in forest. 

Bulimus (Harpalus) munipurensis G.-A., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 
516, pi. 30, f. 8. THEOB. & HANL., Conch. Ind., p. 59, pi. 148, 
f. 1, 4. Bulimus m., Pfr., Monogr., viii, p. 182. Hapalus m., 
NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 174. 

34. C.KHASIANA (Godwin- Austen). PI. 9, figs. 53, 54, 55, 58. 
' ' Shell subperf orate, ovately turrited or acutely ovate, thin, 

diaphanous, fresh specimens often glassy, becoming dull white 
or pale straw-color with age; minutely striated under lens; 
spire conical, apex blunt, suture moderate ; whorls 6-7, slightly 


66 CURVELLA, ASIA. 

convex, the body- whorl large and tumid; aperture vertical, 
semi-oval; peristome simple, sharp, rounded and arched con- 
siderably forward at the upper angle, the columella is curved 
forward from behind and the margin slightly reflected." 

"Animal with a short foot pointed behind, pale yellow 
tint, eye-tentacles dark to the base, lower very short" (G.-A.). 

Alt. .59, diarn. .28, apert. .29x.l6 inch (N. Cachar Hills). 

Alt. .41, diam. .20, apert. .23x.l2 inch (Cherra-Poonjee). 

Khasi, Jainta, and Naga Hills, in the deep shady forest 
among decaying wood and leaves at the foot of trees ; Dik- 
rang valley, Dana Hills, 2,500 ft, (G.-A.). 

Bulimus (Harpalus) khasianus G.-A., P. Z. S., 1872, p. 
516, pi. 30, f. 7, la. THEOB. & HANLEY, Conch. Ind., p. 59, 
pi. 148, f. 7. Bulimus k., PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 183. Hapa- 
lus k., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 174. Bulimus (Har- 
palus) kliasiacus G.- AUSTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xlv, 
pt. 2, p. 317 (1876). 

"It appears to be very close to Bui. putus Bs. (Annals 
and Mag. Nat. Hist., April, 1857), from Tavoy. Specimens 
differ very much in size from different collections. The shell 
is very finely developed in the high parts of the North Cachar 
Hills at 6,000-7,000 ft. (fig. 53). At Cherra-Poonjee it seems 
a more tumid form (fig. 55), and it is very frequently 
dwarfed to the length of only 0.36 inches, especially in its 
lower habitats; but these variations are not of sufficient spe- 
cific importance." 

35. C. SIKKIMENSIS (Reeve). PI. 9, figs. 59, 60. 

Shell ovate, somewhat inflated; spire rather short, obtuse 
at the apex; whorls 4 in number, the last much the largest, 
concentrically finely striated; sutures impressed; columella 
slightly twisted, thinly reflected; aperture oblong, slightly 
sinuated at the upper part; pale olive, semi-transparent 
(Eve.}. 

Shell slightly perforate, subfusiform-ovate, rather solid, 
closely plica4:e-striate, semipellucid, slightly shining, greenish- 
buff; spire pyramidal, obtuse; whorls 5, flattened, the last 
longer than the spire, tapering basally, subcompressed. 


CURVELLA, ASIA. 67 

Aperture narrow, oblong, subangular above and at the base ; 
peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcu- 
ate, columellar margin somewhat twisted, calloused, sub re- 
flexed. Length 7.75, diarn. 3.75, aperture 4.75x2 mm. (Pfr., 
from spec, in Benson coll.). 

Darjeeling (Benson, Blanford, et al.). 

Bulimus sikkimensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 87, f. 651, 
Feb., 1850 (young). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 436. BENSON, 
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3), v, p. 464. HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. 
Indica, p. 10, pi. 19, f. 7 (adult). Hapalus s., NEVILL, Hand- 
list, p. 174. 

The type was a very young shell (fig. 59). It attains a 
larger size, as figured in the Conchologia Indica (fig. 60), 
and described by Pfeiffer. According to Benson the species 
attains a size of 17 mm. long by nearly 10 diam., with 7 
whorls. 

36. C. JOUSSEAUMEI (de Morgan). PI. 9, figs. 56, 57. 

Shell turriculate, thin, fragile, translucent, white, imper- 
forate, smooth, ornamented with extremely fine lines of 
growth; composed of 5 to 6 regularly convoluted whorls. 
Aperture vertical, elliptical, widely invaded by the penult, 
whorl; peristome straight and acute; columellar margin re- 
flexed as in Spiraxis; the outer edge forming a rounded pro- 
jection in the middle. Length 7, diam. 3, length of aperture 
2.5 mm. (de Morg.}. 

Perak: Gunong Tcheura, near Ipoh, Kinta (de Morg.). 

Hapalus j., DE MORGAN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885, p. 
372, pi. 5, f. 2. 

37. C. BOETTGERI (Gredler). PI. 9, fig. 44. 

Shell small, imperforate, long-oval, thin, pellucid, very 
glossy, superficially and wide-spaced striatulate, waxy- whit- 
ish; apex obtuse. Whorls 7, rapidly increasing, very convex, 
the last about equal in length to the others together. Aper- 
ture large, ovate-piriform, perpendicular; columella twisted, 
receding at the basal sinus, peristome unexpanded, the colu- 
mellar margin very short, reflexed at the insertion; outer 


68 CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES. 

margin protracted, connected with, the other by a very thin 
callus. Length 9, diam. 4, alt. aperture 4 mm. (Gredl.) . 

China: Li-uan, in the province Hunan (Fuchs). 

Hapalus bottgeri GREDL., Archiv fur Naturg., vol. 50, 1884, 
p. 270, pi. 19, f. 2; Malak. Bl. (n. F.), ix, 141. 

Resembles C. grateloupi in miniature. 

Philippine and East Indian Species. 
a. Shell imperforate, species 38 to 40. 
&. Shell rimate, perforate or umbilicate, species 41 to 45. 

38. C. GRATELOUPI (Pfeiffer) . PL 6, figs. 68, 69. 

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, rugulose-striate, very thin, 
glossy, pellucid, straw-whitish. Whorls 6 to 7, a little con- 
vex, the last a little shorter than the spire ; columella callous, 
bent backwards. Aperture semi-oval; peristome acute, sim- 
ple, the right margin arching forwards. Length 18, diam. 8, 
aperture 9x4.5 mm. (P/r.). 

Philippine Is.: Albay, Luzon and Dingle, Panay (Cum- 
ing) ; Luzon, Katanduanes, Sarnar, Leyte, Cebu, Guimaras, 
Panay (Mlldff.). 

Bulimus grateloupi PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 42 ; Monogr., ii, 
p. 169 ; Conch. Cab., p. 240, pi. 63, f . 19, 20. REEVE, C. Icon., 
v, pi. 14, f. 81. Stenogyra grateloupi Pfr., SEMPER, Reisen, 
p. 139. Hapalus grateloupi Pfr., MLLDFF., Syst. Verzeich., 
Abh. Naturf. Ges. zu Gorlitz, xxii, 1898, p. 154; Jahrb. D. 
M. Ges., xiv, 280 ; Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1890, 244. 

39. C. DECURTATA (Quadr. & Mlldff.). 

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pellucid, very finely 
curve-striatulate, glossy, yellowish-white. Spire convex-con- 
oid, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y 2 , & little convex, parted by 
an appressed, distinctly margined suture, the last whorl a 
little tumid, as long as the spire. Aperture slightly oblique, 
rounded-rhomboidal ; peristome unexpanded, acute, the right 
margin arcuate, receding above; columella callous, somewhat 
twisted. Length. 10.5, diam. 6 mm. (Mlldff.}. 

Luzon, Mt. Mariveles (Q. & M.). 

Hapalus dccurtatus Q. & M., Nachrbl., 1895, p. 118. 


CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES. 69 

40. C. BREVIS (Quadr. & Mlldff.). 

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, finely arcuately striate, 
somewhat shining, hyaline. Spire moderately elevated, the 
sides a little convex, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a trifle con- 
vex. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-rhombic; peristome 
unexpanded, acute ; columella strongly twisted, callous, ap- 
pressed above. Length 8.6, diarn. 4.5 mm. (Mlldff.). 

Philippines: Bohol. 

Hapalus brevis QUADRAS & MLLDPF., Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 
xxviii, p. 87 (August, 1896). 

41. C. QUADRASI (Mollendorff) . 

Shell very narrowly and half-covered perforate, ventricose- 
fusiform, thin, pellucid, arcuately striatulate, pale straw- 
colored. AVhorls 7, slightly convex, separated by a suture 
somewhat appressed and marginated, the last whorl a little 
more convex and descending forwards. Aperture slightly 
oblique, truncate-oval; peristome simple, acute, the upper 
margin receding a little towards the insertion; columellar 
margin reflexed, dilated above, nearly closing the perforation. 
Length 14.5, diarn. 5.75 mm. (Mlldff.). 

Northern Luzon, at the villages Magapig, Alcala, Gattaran 
and Napayacan (Quadras). 

Hapalus quadrasi MLLDPF., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1893, 
p. 177. 

42. C. SCALARIS (Quadr. & Mlldff.). 

Shell rimate, rather ventricosely turrited, thin, transversely 
very lightly striatulate, decussated with very close spiral 
lines, hirsute \vith a very short pile, visible under a strong 
lens, silky, pale straw-colored. Spire much lengthened, reg- 
ularly conic, gradate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, moderately 
convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture. Aperture 
but little oblique, elongate, roundly rhomboidal, peristome 
simple, unexpanded, the outer margin moderately arcuate, 
columellar margin dilated above, a little reflexed. Length 
18.5, diam. 7.5 mm. (Mlldff.}. 


70 CURVELLA, PHILIPPINES. 

Philippines: Catanduanes; also at the village Caramuan, 
Luzon. 

Hapalus scalaris Q. et MLLDFF., Nachrbl., 1895, p. 117. 

43. C. PERPORATA (Moellendorff). PL 9, figs. 61, 62, 63. 

Shell perforate, turrite-ovate, rather solid, waxen, opaque; 
spire regularly turrited, the apex rather acute. "Whorls 6 to 
7, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, parted by an 
impressed suture; microscopically costulate-striate, the striae 
strongly sigrnoid, and decussated by minute spiral lines, al- 
most granulose. Last whorl spirally compressed below the 
suture, base regularly rounded ; more than half the length of 
the shell. Aperture slightly oblique, at the base a little re- 
ceding, irregularly piriform, broadly channelled above, im- 
pressed at the sinulus; peristome simple, acute, the upper 
margin deeply receding at the suture, then almost angularly 
roundly arching forwards; columellar margin dilated, half 
covering the perforation, the margins joined by a distinct cal- 
lus. Colurnella long, straight. Length 20, diam. 1Q1/4, aper- 
ture 101/4x61/4 mm. (Mdllff.). 

Luzon: Montalban, province of Manila. 

Hapalus perforatus MLLDFF., Bericht. Senck. Ges., 1890, 
p. 246, pi. 8, f. 7. 

Distinguished from H. grateloupi by the perforation, but 
this is much narrower than in H. umbilicatus, from which it 
further differs in the fine granulation, visible only under a 
lens, which gives the shell a dull appearance, H. utiibilicatus 
being glossy. 

44. C. PHILIPPINICA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 66, 67. 

Shell narrowly umbilicate, thin, oblong-conic, corneous- 
subopaque. Spire with nearly straight sides and very obtuse 
apex. AVhoiis 51,4, rather convex, parted by a deeply incised 
suture, which is bordered below by a white line. The surface 
appears somewhat dull, and is sculptured with fine, irregular, 
close growth-striae, which are everywhere weak, but are a little 
stronger and conspicuously arcuate below the suture on the 
last whorl. Aperture vertical, irregularly piriform or drop- 


SUBULINA. 71 


shaped, acuminate above, well rounded basally. Outer lip 
strongly arched forward above, retracted to the suture. Colu- 
mella slightly concave, its edge well reflexed, dilated above. 

Length 10.2, diam. 4.8, alt. aperture 5 mm. 

Length 10. diam. 4.5, alt. aperture 4.8 mm. 

Cagayan, Luzon. Types no. 58203 A. N. S. P. 

C. ulnbilicata has a much wider umbilicus. C. perforata is 
about double the size, and has decussating spirals. In C. 
philippinica very faint traces of spiral striation may be 
traced in places on the last whorl. Both the wider (fig. 67) 
and the more slender specimens are illustrated. 

45. C. UMBILICATA (Moellendorff ) . PI. 9, figs. 64, 65. 

Shell moderately umbilicate, conic-ovate, thin, glossy, hya- 
line; spire high conic, with convex sides and rather acute 
apex. Whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, a little convex, 
parted by a deeply impressed suture, striatulate, the strias 
strongly sigmoid ; the last whorl about half the length of the 
shell, flattened above, rather swollen and somewhat baggy 
towards the base, subcompressed around the umbilicus. 
Aperture oblique, the base receding, irregularly drop-shaped, 
narrow above, base almost subangular; peristome simple, un- 
expanded, acute, the lip receding as it nears the suture, 
curved forwards in the middle. Columella dilated, a little 
protracted above, not thickened, the margins joined by a dis- 
tinct parietal callus. Columella vertical, long and rather 
straight. Length 14, diam. 7% mm.; aperture 8x4 mm. 
(Mlldff.) . 

Cebu, on the western coast. 

Hapalus umbilicatus MLLDFF., Bericht. Senckenbergische 
naturf. Ges., 1890, p. 245, pi. 8, f. 6. 

Conspicuously different from C. grateloupi by its open 
umbilicus. 

Genus SUBULINA Beck, 1837. 

Shell imperf 'orate, at all stages of growth, narrow, turrited, 
or subulate, thin, corneous or brownish, usually more or less 
translucent; apex obtuse, rounded, the embryonic shell either 


72 


SUBULINA. 


smooth, plicate below the sutures or vertically ribbed. Last 
whorl angular or rounded at the periphery. Aperture small, 
oblique, ovate, the columella concave above, obliquely or ab- 
ruptly truncate at base. Eggs with a calcareous, oblately 
spheroidal capsule. 

Distribution, tropical America and Africa; one species, 
S. octona, more widely spread by commerce. 

Subulina in the modern sense is not widely distributed in, 
the Old World, being confined to tropical Africa and the im- 
mediately dependent islands. It is closely related to 
Homorus. Some other genera, such as Pseudoglessula and 
Bacillum seem to belong to the same phylum. Tort axis is 
probably descended from the Subulina stock, judging by the 
structure of the columella in the embryonic shell. At pres- 
ent we know too little of the soft anatomy of these forms to 
define their relationships with precision. The species are 
grouped as follows: 

1. Generally distributed species, S. octona, no. 1. 

2. Species of West Africa and the Congo Valley, no. 2 to 15. 

3. Species of Northeast Africa, no. 16 to 19. 

4. Species of East and Central Africa, no. 20 to 35. 

5. Species of the Comoro Islands, no. 36 to 43. 

6. The American species will be described in the second 
part of this volume. 

1. S. OCTONA (Bruguiere). PI. 12, figs. 8, 9. 

Shell thin, translucent, yellowish corneous, turrited, almost 
regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, rather 
coarsely and irregularly striatulate. Whorls 9, quite convex, 
separated by a deeply impressed suture, the first three turns 
of which are regularly crenulated by a border of short folds. 
On the later whorls it is also irregularly crenulate in places. 
Last whorl rounded. Aperture oblique, ovate ; columella con- 
cave above, obliquely truncate at its base (Ternate specimen). 

Length 19, diam. 4.6, aperture 4.3 mm., whorls 9 (Ternate). 

Length 13, diam. 3.7, aperture 3.6 mm., whorls 7*/2 
(Sumatra). 

Length 12, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls 7!/o (Seychelles). 


SUBULINA. 73 

Length 15.5, diam. 4 mm., whorls 8y 2 (Ceylon). 

West African coast, Senegambia to Angola ; Nossi-Be, Zan- 
zibar and other East African islands; Ceylon (0. Collett!) ; 
Batu Sangkar, Sumatra. (Harrison & Hiller, 1900!) ; Java; 
Manila; Moluccas; New Caledonia; New Hebrides. Also in- 
troduced in some European hothouses. 

Achatina octona MORELET, Series Conchyl. i, p. 72 (Zanzibar, 
Dr. Vesco, under rotten wood not far from the shore) ; Voy. 
Welwitsch p. 80, pi. 6, f. 5 ( Golungo-Alto, Angola, etc., at 
elevation of 2000 ft.). Stenogyra octona Chemn., CEOSSE, 
Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 100 (Kanala, New Caledonia). 
MORELET, t. c. p. 363 (Madagascar). SELL, Nachrbl. D. M. 
Ges. 1905, p. 40 (plant house in Copenhagen) v. MARTENS 
in Webers Zool. Erg-ebnisse einer Keise in Niederlandisch 
Ost-Indien ii, p. 244 (Padang, Sumatra; Weber). DAUTZEN- 
BERG, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg. xxxiv, Memoires p. 6, pi. 
1, f. 3 (environs of Indrapoera, west coast of Sumatra, Dr. 
Weyers ; also Mauritius, Seychelles and Zanzibar, M. Alluaud) . 
Subulina octona (Chemn.), BOETTGER, Bericht. Sencken- 
berg. Ges. 1890, p. 147 (Gunung Salak, Java, Ad. Strubell) ; 
-1891, p. 273 (Amboyna and Haruku, in some quantity, Ad. 
Strubell). MLLDFF., Abhandl. naturforsch. Ges. Gorlitz, 
1898, p. 156 (Manila). BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. 
Ges. 1890, p. 90 (Loucoube and Nossi-Be, Ant. Stumpff; 
Seychelles). MARTENS & WIEGMANN, Seychellen-Mollusken, 
in Mittheil. Zool. Sammlung Mus. f. Naturkunde in Berlin, 
i, 1898-1900, p. 23 (Mahe, Seychelles, Dr. Brauer), p. 91 
(Anatomy). MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere D. Ost-Afrika, 
p. 123 (Zanzibar). SYKES, Proc. Malae. Soc. Lond. v, p. 198 
(Port Fila, Efate, New Hebrides, J. J. Walker). Journ. of 
Malacology vii, 1898, p. 91 (Kew Gardens and Manchester, 
in hothouses). 

Ackatina crotallaria SCHUMACKER, Essai d'un nouv. Syst. 
Test Vers, p. 202. Subulina crotalaria Schum., MOERCH, 
Journ. de Conchyl. 1872, p. 337 (Tranquebar). S. crota- 
laria Schnm., Beck, Index Moll. p. 77, no. 10 (Tranquebar). 

Achatina mamillata CRAVEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, 
p. 215, pi. 22, f. 8 (Nossi-Be, under dead leaves in woods 


74 SUBULINA. 

near the sea-shore). Subulina mamillata Craven, CROSSED 
Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 201 (Nossi-Comba, E. Marie). - 
CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Madag. pi. 24, f. 4. 

The above references apply only to the occurence of 
S. octona in the Eastern Hemisphere. 

It is generally and I believe correctly held that this species 
in the tropics of the Old World is an emigrant from America. 
Dr. Boettger has already remarked that it seems to have only 
lately invaded the Indo-Malayan and Papuan islands, for 
earlier and closely observant naturalists made no note of it. 
It appears first to get foothold in centers of trade and agri- 
culture, and to spread with extraordinary rapidity into neigh- 
boring districts. 

Subulina in a state of nature appears to be restricted to 
Africa and America; but by commerce S. octona has spread 
to the East Indies and as far as the New Hebrides. I have 
examined specimens from West Africa, the Seychelles, Cey- 
lon, Sumatra and Ternate, and am satisfied of their identity 
with the Antillean S. octona. The figures on plate 12 are 
from Ternate shells. It was first noticed in New Caledonia 
in 1887 or 1888, appearing by thousands (Layard, P. Z. S. 
'88, 358). 

Reproduction begins before the shell has attained two-thirds 
its maximum size, and usually several eggs may be seen 
through the shell within the penultimate whorl. The egg- 
capsules are hard-shelled, white and flattened, measuring 1.8 
xl.5 mm. (pi. 12, figs. 11, 12). 

West African species. 
2. S. MORELETI Girard. PI. 11, fig. 86. 

Shell conic-turrited, thin, but slightly shining, covered with 
a dark reddish-brown epidermis, and ornamented from the 
summit with a quite prominent, narrow-spaced, nearly regu- 
lar, straight and quite oblique costulation. Spire of 9 con- 
vex whorls, separated by a deep suture, the convexity de- 
creasing from the first to the last. Summit quite acute. Last 
whorl obtusely carinate, occupying nearly a fourth of the 


SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 75 

total length. Aperture rounded-oval, slightly subrhom- 
boidal, quite oblique. Columella arcuate, a little obliquely 
truncate. Peristome simple, sharp, the outer margin straight 
in front. Length 12.5, diam. 3.75, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. 
(Girard). 

Prince Island, at Quilala-Faluiha at 500 meters elevation 
(F. Newton). 

Subulina moreleti GIRARD, Jornal Sci. etc Lisboa, 1893, p. 
104, pi. 1, f. 12. 

This species seems to have much affinity to 8. muscorum 
Morel. [Man. Conch, xvii, p. 161], but seems to differ by the 
more convex whorls, the last relatively a little smaller, and 
the columella more arcuate (Girard) . 

3. S. NEWTONI Girard. PI. 11, fig. 87. 

Shell subulate, thin, transparent, brightly glossy, pale 
yellow, with excessively fine growth-strise which are quite ir- 
regular. Spire composed of 9 nearly flat whorls, separated 
by a well marked suture, and terminating in a rounded sum- 
mit. Last whorl rounded, one-fifth the total length. Aper- 
ture oval, slightly oblique, columella arcuate, very obliquely 
truncate before reaching the base. Peristome simple, acute, 
the margins joined by a weak parietal callus. Length 20, 
diam. 4.5, aperture 4.5 x 2.5 mm. (Girard}. 

Prince Island: Ferreiro Velho, S. Joas and Quilala Fal- 
uiha, 1-500 meters elevation (Newton). 

Subulina newtoni GIRARD, Jornal de Sciencias Math., Phys. 
e Nat. Acad. Real das sci. Lisboa, 1893, p. 104. pi. 1, f. 11. 

4. S. STRIATELLA (Rang). PI. 11, fig. 89, 90, 91, 92. 

This shell is long, turrited, nearly cylindric, thin, trans- 
lucent, with an epidermis of a slightly darkened dirty-yellow 
shade, especially towards the summit. The surface is finely and 
regularly striated throughout ; the summit is obtuse, and the 
9 whorls are rounded, with the exception of the last one, 
which is angular. The aperture is oval, small, its length 
nearly parallel to the axis of the shell, but its plane quite 
oblique. The columella is very concave and the right lip 


76 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 

simple and acute. The animal is dirty-white. Length 20 to 
22, diam. 4 to 5 mm. (Rang). 

Prince Island, at the foot of the mountains near the sea, in 
numbers under stones (Rang). St. Thome at Roca Boa Eir- 
trade and Rio do Ouro ; also Ilheo das Rolas (Greef) ; numer- 
ous localities up to 750 meters (Newton). Also occurs on 
the mainland. 

Helix striatella RANG, Ann. des Sci. Nat. xxiv, 1831, p. 
38, pi. 3, f. 7. Achatina striatella MOREL., Ser. Conch, i, p. 
26; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 79. GREEF, Zool. Anzeiger 1882, p. 
519. PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 235. Stenogyra (Subulina] s., 
DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 127. CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 
1888, pp. 25, 302. Subulina striatella GIRARD, Jornal de 
Seiencias Math., Phys. e Nat., Acad. Real das Sci. de Lisboa, 
(2) iii, p. 103 (August, 1893). WOLLASTON, Testae. Atlantica 
p. 206 (Madeira, introduced). 

Achatina petrensis MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xiv, 1866, 
p. 161; cf. Voy. Welwitsch p. 79. PFR V Monogr. vi, p. 235. 

Dohrn, who distinguished S. angustior from striatella, gives 
the following diagnosis of the latter: Shell turrit ed, thin, 
whitish-waxen, glossy, longitudinally closely rib-striate, the 
stria? oblique to the axis; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 8 to 9, 
a little convex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length, 
angular in the middle ; columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. 
Aperture oval. Length 20, diam. 5.5, aperture 4.5 x 3 mm. 

Plate 11, fig. 92 is a copy of Rang's original illustration. 

A large series from Cape Palmas, Liberia, Senegal, and 
Prince Island is before me, none quite so large as the descrip- 
tions of Dohrn and Rang indicate. A Liberian shell figured 
(pi. 11, figs. 89, 90, 91) measures 18.5 mm. long, 4 wide, aper- 
ture 4 mm. long, this being about the maximum size in a 
series of some hundreds. The color is brownish-yellow. 
Sculpture of very regular rib-striae, much weaker and in part 
disappearing below the angle of the last whorl. In fig. 90 
they are too strong on the base. The first 2 whorls are nearly 
smooth and glossy, but show a regular crenulation below the 
suture, apparently representing the elsewhere vanished rib- 
lets, as in some species of Ilomorus. Whorls nearly 11. The 


SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 77 

columellar truncation is strong but subvertical, and aperture 
quite oblique. This form may be readily separated from the 
S. angustior with which it seems usually to occur, by its more 
regular sculpture. Like S. angustior, it is oviparous, the 
eggs noticeably flattened or oblate. 

Var. striata (Lea). PI. 11, fig. 97. 

A set of specimens labelled Liberia consists of paler shells, 
greenish-corneous, sufficiently transparent to show the eggs 
plainly through. They are a little wider, length 16, diam. 
4, aperture 3.7 mm., with 9% whorls. The original descrip- 
tion follows. 

"Shell somewhat cylindrical, horn-color, thin, longitudin- 
ally and beautifully striate; sutures impressed; whorls 8, 
rather convex. Aperture small, elliptical; columella in- 
curved. This is a beautiful little species, rather larger than 
the folliculus Lam. In form it resembles Bulimus octoneus 
Rang (Achatina), but is not quite so large. Its minute and 
close ribs distinguish it at once, as the octoneus is perfectly 
smooth. The aperture is about one-fourth the length of the 
shell, and the strise do not extend below the middle part of 
the lower whorl. Length .38, diarn. .12 inch. [9.5 x 3 mm.] 
Liberia, Dr. Blanding." (Lea). 

Achatina striata LEA, Proc. Anier. Philos. Soc. ii, 1841, p. 
31 ; Observations iv, p. 3. 

Dr.W.H. Ball, who kindly compared the types with specimens 
of striatella, writes as follows: "I have carefully compared 
the specimens sent by you with Lea's types of striata, and 
with specimens named striatella Rang received from various 
sources. Your shells to my eye are exactly what we have 
under the name of striatella. Lea's shells are so close to this 
that I do not think a figure could be made which would 
enable any one to discriminate them by form or sculpture. 
There are however the following differences: Lea's shells are 
all pale greenish-yelloiv like S. octona ; yours and all our 
striatella are of a ferruginous brown. Specimens can be 
picked out showing identical sculpture and form, but on 
the whole there is more of a tendency of the sculpture in 


78 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 

striatella to become obsolete or irregular [these specimens are 
S. angustior, H. P.], while in Lea's specimens it is quite uni- 
formly even and regular throughout. I should be disposed to 
regard the two shells as varieties of the same species. ' ' 

Var. petrensis Morelet. 

Slightly less lengthened and a little more ventricose than 
typical striatella, making the shell more conic; also thinner, 
more transparent, engraved with less pronounced striae ; of a 
yellowish-fawn tint. Length 16, diam. 5 mm, (Morel.). 

Freetown, Sierra Leone (Dr. Welwitsch). 

There are 9 to 10 whorls, the last less than a third the total 
length, and obtusely angular. It was originally described as 
a distinct species, but subsequently united to striatella by 
Morelet. It probably is a distinct as 8. vivipara and some 
of the other closely related continental forms. 

5. S. CEREA (Pfeiffer). PI. 11, fig. 88. 

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, finely and regularly striate, 
glossy, pellucid, pale wax-colored. Spire rectilinear, the apex 
obtuse, suture moderate, minutely crenulate. Whorls 8, 
slightly convex, the last scarcely more than one-fourth the 
total length, subangular below the middle. Columella curved, 
abruptly truncate. Aperture oblique, oblong ; peristome sim- 
ple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate. Length 
14, diam. 4.66, aperture 4 x 2.5 mm. (Pfr.). 

Fernando Po (Fraser). 

Achatina cerea PFR. P. Z. S. 1852, p. 86 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 
338, pi. 37, f . 5-7 ; Monogr. iii, p. 501. 

This form seems to be a little wider than 8. striatella. Dr. 
Boettger reports it from Bibundi, Kamerun, and Gabun 
(Nachrbl. 1905, p. 178) . 

6. S. ANGUSTIOR (Dohrn). PI. 11, figs. 96, 98 to 101. 

Shell turrited-subulate, rather solid, slightly glossy, waxen, 
longitudinally closely striate, the strice slightly oblique; apex 
rather obtuse. Whorls 8 to 9, nearly flat, the last -one-fifth 
the length, angular in the middle. Columella arcuate, ob- 


SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 79 

liquely truncate. Aperture oval. Length 14, diam. 4, aper- 
ture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Dohrn). 

Prince Island, common on the roots of trees and at the 
bases of walls, (Dohrn). Cameroons at Bonjongo, (Buch- 
holz) , and many other localities, common and generally dif- 
fused (d'Ailly). 

Stenogyra (Subulina) angustior DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xiii, 
1866, p. 127. MARTENS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, 
p. 262, pi. 3 f. 14, 15. Achatina a., PFR., Monogr. vi, 236.- 
A. striatella PFR., Monogr. ii, 263; Conchyl. Cab. p. 341, pi. 
37, f . 17, 18 ; in Philippi, Abbild. ii, p. 216, pi. 1, f . 7. 

Subulina a., GIRARD Jornal de Sci. etc. Lisboa, 1893, p. 103. 
d'AiLLY, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de Kameroun, Bihang 
K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xxii, p. 111. 

"In both angustior and striatella the columella may be 
either more or less obliquely truncate, sometimes almost ver- 
tical, slight modifications consequently taking place in the 
shape of the mouth " (Dohrn}. 

Von Martens has figured a specimen from Bonjongo 
Kamerun, his figures being copied on pi. 11, fig. 101. He 
notes that the largest specimens are 23 mm. long, 5 wide, the 
aperture somewhat less than one-fourth the length, whorls 
9 to 10, the two upper ones globose and smooth, the striation 
of the others finer than in Homorus pileatus ; columellar mar- 
gin strongly arcuate. The visible part of the third and fourth 
whorls from the base is almost as high as wide. 

The flatness of the whorls is one of the principal distinc- 
tive features of the species, but is subject to some variation. 
In Pfeiffer's figures referred by Dohrn to his species (my pi. 
11, figs. 96) they are much less flattened than shown in von 
Martens' figures of Karnerun specimens. 

In Prince Island shells before me the whorls are moder- 
ately convex (pi. 11, figs. 98, 99, 100). The striation is 
weaker and less regular than in 8. striatella. The specimen 
figured measures, alt. 14.7, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.7 mm., and 
has 8!/2 whorls. 

Many shells before me from Senegal and Liberia agree with 
angustior in sculpture but reach a larger size than Dohrn 's 


80 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 

types, the length being 17, diam. 4, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls 
over 9; the whorls are a trifle more convex than in Prince 
Island specimens. The smooth embryonic shell has sub- 
sutural crenulation as in S. striatella. The color is a slightly 
brownish olivaceous yellow. 

7. S. VIVIPARA (Sowerby). PI. 11, figs. 94, 95. 

"The shell is commonly about an inch long, consisting of 
about 9 volutions, the apex being blunt and rounded, the 
volutions longitudinally striated and the base smooth; the 
whole nearly white, semitransparent, and covered with a 
thin olivaceous horny epidermis. 

' ' Three or four fully developed young shells may generally 
be found upon breaking up a full-grown shell, occupying 
commonly a great portion of the second, third and fourth 
volutions from the base. The young ones consist of three 
volutions before they quit the parent" (Sowerby). Local- 
ity not given. 

Ackalina vivipara SOWERBY, The Malacological and Con- 
chological Magazine, part 1, 1838, p. 27. PFR., Symbols iii, 
p. 91; and in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conchyl. 
ii, p. 216, pi. 1, f. 5 (specimen received from Sowerby) ; 
Monogr. ii, p. 264 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 340, pi. 37, f . 15, 16.- 
REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 16, f. 70. 

Pfeiffer describes a specimen received from Sowerby as fol- 
lows: "Shell turrited-subulate, rather solid, longitudinally 
closely rib-striate, rather shining, waxy-whitish. Spire elon- 
gate, the apex rather obtuse, whorls 10, convex, the last one- 
fourth the total length, angulate. Columella slightly arcu- 
ate, not reaching the base, obliquely truncate. Aperture 
semioval, the peristome thin. Length 20, diam. 5.5, aperture 
5x3 mm." His figures of this shell are copied on my plate. 

This species differs from S. angustior in the following fea- 
tures : " It is a stronger shell, less slender, and has usually a 
whorl less in the same length. The rib-striae are nearly 
parallel to the axis throughout, and are a little stronger. 
The whorls are less convex, the last more acutely angular. 
The aperture is wider, and the columella far more bluntly 


SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 81 

truncate. The aperture occupies at least one-fourth the total 
length of the shell." (P/V.). 

Achatina sulcata Gray (pi. 11, fig. 93). "Shell turrited, 
pellucid, corneous, the apex obtuse; whorls 8 to 9, convex, 
concentrically sulcate in the middle, at the base smooth; lip 
thin. Length .7, diam. .2 inch" (Gray}. Habitat not given. 

Achatina sulcata GRAY, Annals of Philos., N. Ser., ix, p. 
415 (1825). --REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 86.--PFR., 
Monogr. ii, p. 267 ; iii, p. 500 ; iv, 615 ; vi, 235. 

Reeve's figure of a Cumingian specimen is copied. Pfeiffer 
in the later volumes of the Monographia considered A. vivip- 
ara Sowerby a synonym of sulcata. The latter name has 
priority, but is hardly defined with sufficient precision, and 
the type specimen has not been figured. 

8. S. TOTISTRIATA n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 17, 18, 19. 

Shell thin but strong, imperforate, turrited-subulate, cor- 
neous-white, somewhat translucent, glossy; strongly, densely 
and finely but a little irregularly striate throughout. Whorls 
10, convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, which is 
irregularly, rather coarsely but not conspicuously crenate in 
places. Spire regularly tapering to the obtuse apex. The 
first half whorl is smooth, the next with coarser, more spaced 
riblets than those on subsequent whorls. The last whorl has 
a very weak angle at the periphery, often hardly noticeable, 
were it not that the stride abruptly become weak there, leaving 
the base much smoother. Aperture quite oblique, less than 
one-fourth the length of the shell, ovate; columella concave, 
obliquely truncate below. Eggs yellowish, spheroidal. 
Length 16, diam. 3.8, length of aperture 3.75 mm. 

Senegambia. Coll. A. N. S. Phila. 

This species differs from others of the group by its sculp- 
tured embryonic shell, like that of Pseudoglessula. In the 
latter genus the color of the shell is darker, the eggs oblong, 
and the peripheral angle is generally more emphatic than in 
this species; but some species such as P. duseni and P. fus- 
cidula do not exceed the size of S. totistriata. 


82 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 

9. S. NORMALIS (Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 25. 

Shell subulate-turrited, with somewhat obtuse apex, thin, 
diaphanous, glossy, finely and densely striate, corneous. 
Whorls 9, a little convex, the first smooth, the last indistinctly 
angular, more than one-third the total length. Columella 
callous, obliquely truncate, not reaching the base. Aperture 
semioval, peristome unexpanded, acute and thin. Length 21, 
diam. 5.5 mm. (Morel.}. 

Toumby, not far from Landana. 

Stenogyra normal-is MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1885, p. 

24, pi. 2, f. 7. 

Morelet further notes that the increase is slow and gradual, 
the whorls moderately convex, suture strongly impressed, the 
surface glossy, engraved with straight, regular fine strioe 
except the embryonic whorls which are smooth. The chief 
difference between this shell and S. octona is, aside from the 
size, in the convexity of the whorls of the spire, much more 
pronounced in the latter, which in general shape is turrited, 
while normalis is rather subulate. 

Specimens received from Morelet resemble rather closely 
von Martens' figure of 8. angustior; but the embryonic 
whorls have a finer subsutural crenulation and the inter- 
mediate whorls are more regularly though I think less sharply 
striate than 8. angustior. 

10. S. GRACILENTA (Morelet) . PI. 13, fig. 20. 

Shell turrited-subulate, thin, covered with a corneous-ful- 
vous epidermis, with an oily glass, sculptured with narrow, 
straight striae. Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last one-fourth 
the length of the shell, indistinctly angular around the base. 
Columella straight, obliquely truncate. Aperture small, semi- 
oval, the margins thin and unexpanded. Length 12, diarn. 
3 mm. (Morel.). 

Mayumba, north of Landana. 

Stenogyra gracilenta MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl. 1885, p. 

25, pi. 2, f. 8. 

Distinguished by the slim shape and tapering spire, which 


SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 83 

is much less obtuse at the summit than in any of its con- 
geners. The whorls increase slowly, and are but slightly 
convex, though the suture is quite deep. The shell has a 
horny appearance, covered with a russet epidermis, and 
shows fine, superficial striae which tend to become obsolete 
on the last whorl. 

11. S. 'MEGASPIRA Mabille. 

Shell turrited-subulate, imperforate, very glossy, sooty- 
corneous, very finely striatulate. Whorls 13^, a little con- 
vex; separated by a well impressed, simple suture, the last 
whorl distinctly angular, exceeding one-fifth the length of 
the shell. Aperture small, ovate; the peristorne unexpanded, 
acute; 'Columella thin, incurved, distinctly truncate. Length 
20 to 22 mm., length of aperture 5, width 2.5 mm. (Mai.). 

Congo region. 

Subulina megaspira MAB., Bull. Soc. Philomathique de 
Paris, (7 ser.) viii, 1884, p. 40. 

Differs from Achatina involuta Gld. by the number of 
whorls, the slimmer shape, lighter color not different on the 
base, etc. It may possibly be a Homorus, but the very bril- 
liant gloss and polished surface, on which growth-lines are 
visible only with the aid of a strong lens, are features more 
like Subulina. 

12. S. KASSAIANA Ro'chebrune & Germain. PL 12, fig. 13. 

Shell imperforate, very slender, long-cylindric, rather solid, 
translucent, a little shining, corneous greenish, moderately and 
regularly striatulate. Spire veiy long, cylindric, obtuse at 
the summit, apex obtuse, the embryonic whorl very minute. 
Whorls 8, convex, slowly increasing, separated by a deep 
euture, the last whorl convex. Aperture oblique, ovate, buff 
within ; peristome unexpanded, acute ; columella short, rather 
stout, abruptly truncate below. Length 12.5 to 14.5, diam. 
3 to 3.5 mm., aperture 3 x 2 or 2.5 mm. (E. & G.). 

Congo, confluence of the Kassai, 300 meters elevation 
(Bozas exped.). 

Subulina kassaiana R. et G., Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, 


84 SUBULINA, WEST AFRICA. 

1904, no. 3, p. 142 ; Mem. Soc. Zool. de France xvii, 1904, p. 
16, pi. 1, f. 9. 

13. S. LEIA Putzeys. PI. 13, fig. 24. 

Shell imperf orate, conic-turrited, tliin, glossy, eorneous- 
whitish, obliquely striolate under a lens. Spire long, the apex 
mamillar, smooth. Whorls 8~y 2 , & little convex, the suture 
impressed, not very deep, irregularly denticulate. Aperture 
small, oblique, oval, the lip acute; columella arcuate, taper- 
ing-truncate. Length 13, diam. 3.2, aperture 2.7 mm. long. 
(Putz.). 

Congo Valley: Nsendwe, Manyema. 

Subulina leia PUTZ., Bull, des seances de la Soc. Roy. Malac. 
de Belgique 1899, p. Ivii, fig. B. 

14. S. SUBANGULATA Putzeys. PL 13, fig. 23. 

Shell imperforate, conic-turrited, thin, glossy, corneous- 
whitish, the apex obtuse, smooth. Whorls 8, a little convex, 
the first two smooth, the rest obliquely striolate, the last whorl 
more dilated, subangular a little below the middle ; the suture 
impressed, not very deep, irregularly denticulate by the ends 
of the striae. Aperture small, oval, oblique, the lip acute; 
columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Length 12.5, diam. 
3.5, aperture 3 mm. long (Putz.). 

Congo Valley at Nsendwe, Manyema. 

Subulina subangulata Putz., t. c. p. Iviii, f. 9. 

15. S. SEABRAI Nobre. PL 24, fig. 42. 

Shell turriculate, of 6 regularly rounded whorls ornamented 
with excessively fine striae, visible only under a lens; suture 
not very deep, ornamented below with a narrow band per- 
fectly differentiated from the rest of the shell. Columella 
recurved; lip simple and acute. Color vitreous, semi-trans- 
parent. Length 5.5, diam. 2 mm. (Nobre.). 

Angola: Forest of Mupepe, under dry leaves. 

Subulina seabrai NOBRE, Molluscas terrestres e fluvises da 
exploracao de Francisco Newton em Angola, p. 11, pi. 1, f. 
23, 24, in Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes ix, 1905. 


SUBULINA, N. E. AFRICA. 85 

In one worn specimen there are milk-white bands parallel 
to the suture. The generic position of this form is uncertain. 

Species of Northeast Africa. 

Probably some of the northeast African species placed in 
Eomorus might better have been left in Subulina. 

16. S. SENNAARIENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 14, figs. 54. 

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, smooth, pellucid, glossy, buff- 
corneous ; spire with slightly curved outlines, the apex obtuse, 
suture narrowly margined. Whorls 7%, a little convex, the 
last nearly one-third the total length, rounded basally; colu- 
mella arcuate, somewhat calloused, narrowly truncated at 
the base. Aperture slightly oblique, sinuate-oval; peristome 
unexpanded, thin. Length 13, diam. 4.33, aperture 4 x 2.33 
mm. (Pfr.). 

N.-E. Africa: Sennaar (Damaud). 

Achatina sennaariensis PFR., Malak. Bl. 1855, p. 169 ; Novit, 
Conch, i, p. 104, pi. 29, f. 17, 18; Monogr. iv, 612. 
Subulina s., JICKELI, Moll. N.-O. Afr. p. 136. 

17. S. CHIARINII Pollonera. PI. 14, fig. 55. 

Shell imperforate, subulate, waxen-glossy, transparent, 
longitudinally striate under a lens ; suture rather oblique, sub- 
crenulate. Whorls 8, nearly flat, the last one-third the total 
length, tapering at base. Aperture oblique, narrowly oval, 
acutely angular above, slightly receding basally. Columella 
arcuate, oblique and shortly truncate. Length 12.5, diam. 
3.25 mm. (Poll.}. 

Let-Marefia, near Ankober, in the forest of Fehere-Ghem- 
bre (Dr. Ragazzi). 

Subulina chiarinii POLL., Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. 
Univ. Torino, ii, 1887, no. 34; BuU. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii, 
1888, p. 74, pi. 2, f. 31. 

18. S. MABILLIANA Bourguignat. PI. 14, fig. 56. 

Shell imperforate, slender, and long, not much attenuated, 
fragile, glossy, diaphanous; uniform corneous, frequently 


86 SUBULINA, N. E. AFRICA. 

with, minute scattered whitish dots ; smooth, appearing some- 
what striatulate under a very strong lens. Spire long, mod- 
erately tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, quite eon- 
vex, regularly increasing, parted by a deep suture; the last 
whorl oblong-rounded, scarcely one-fourth the total length, 
slowly descending above. Aperture oblique, oblong; peris- 
tome unexpanded, acute. Columella short, slightly arcuate, 
quite abruptly truncated below; the margins joined by a 
transparent parietal callus. Length 8 to 9, diam. 2, alt. 
apert. 2 mm. (Bgt.) . 

Abyssinia: Mt. Abouna Yusef, 4000 meters elevation 
(Raffray). 

S. mabilliana BGT., Malacologie de I'Abyssmie in Ann. Sci. 
Nat. (Zool.), xv, 1883, p. 83, pi. 9, f. 68, 69. POLLONEEA, 
Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, xiii, no. 313, 
p. 8 (1898). 

Differs from 8. tnunzingeri by the less attenuated less acu- 
minate form, uniform corneous color, less numerous and quite 
convex whorls separated by a deep suture, etc. 

A "mutation" elongatula Pollonera, is longer, length 12 
mm., with the spire more produced. Based on a single shell 
from Adi-Caie, Erythrea. 

19. S. MUNZINGERI (Jickeli). PI. 14, figs. 52, 53. 

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, glossy, hyaline, whitish, 
longitudinally striatulate under a lens. Whorls 8, subin- 
flated, separated by a rather deep, oblique suture, the last 
descending, one-fourth the total length. Aperture oblique, 
vertically piriform; columella arcuate, very obliquely trun- 
cate ; lip thin, acute. Length 9.5, diam. 1.75, aperture 2 x 1.33 
mm. (Jick.) . 

Beniamer near Weld Jawa, 2814 ft. elevation, on the bank 
of the Falkat; Nakfa, Habab, at the roots of plants (Jickeli). 
Mt. Abouna Yousef, 4000 meters elev. (Raffray). 

Stenogyra munzingeri JICK., Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 103. 
Acicula m., JICK., Fauna der Land- und Susswasser-Mol- 
lusken Nord-Ost-Afrikas, in Nova Acta Acad. Cass. Leop.- 
Carol. Germanic Nat. Cur. vol. 37, p. 133, pi. 2, f. 3 (jaw 


SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 87 

and radula), pi. 5, f. 21 (shell). Subulina m., BGT., Malac. 
Abyssinie, p. 82, pi. 9, f. 65-67. 

A very slender shell, resembling 8. intermedia Taylor in 
this respect. 

Species of East and Central Africa. 

20. S. .ELEGANS Martens. PI. 14, fig. 35. 

Shell conic-turrited, with wide-spaced vertical riblets, 
glossy, chestnut-brown, with obtuse apex. Whorls 9, the 
first small, globular, smooth, the second inflated, rather 
low, with distinct riblets, the third whorl not wider than the 
second, the rest of the whorls regularly increasing in breadth, 
weakly convex, with rather deep sutures; last whorl angular 
at its greatest diameter, rather flattened and only weakly 
striate beneath. Aperture scarcely oblique, rounded-quad- 
rangular, about one-fourth the total length. Outer lip thin, 
slightly arcuate; basal margin broadly rounded; columellar 
margin strongly arcuate, somewhat thickened, white, dis- 
tinctly truncate below. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 2.33 x 
1.5 mm. (Marts.}. 

Between Ngesi and Mwutan lakes, on the southwestern 
side of the latter, also south side of Ngesi, various places in 
Uganda, etc. (Stuhlmann). 

Subulina elegans MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 185; Beschalte 
Weichthiere p. 121, pi. 1, f . 16 ; pi. 5, f . 17. 

From the angle on the last whorl and the rather rapid in- 
crease of the whorls in breadth one might think these to be 
immature specimens of some other species ; but it agrees with 
none of the larger ones collected in the region. The shape 
of the second whorl reminds one of Pseudoglessula calabarica. 
The intervals between riblets are double the width of the 
riblets themselves. (Marts.} 

21. S. LASTI (E. A. Smith). PI. 14, fig. 36. 

Shell slender, subulate, polished, olivaceous-brown, here and 
there streaked with a darker shade; spire narrowed above, 
mamillate at the apex. Whorls 11, -convex, striated with 
delicate oblique growth lines. Aperture small, acutely oval, 


SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 

one-fifth the total length. Columella arcuate, truncated in 
front. Length 15, diam. 3.66, aperture 3 x 1.66 mm. (Smith). 

Mamboya, 4-5000 ft. elevation (Last) ; Ituri (Stuhlmann). 

Stenogyra, (Subulina) lasti SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, 
p. 158, pi. 5, f. 18 (August, 1890). 5. lasti MARTS., Beschalte 
Weichthiere, p. 121. 

'The two specimens of this species at hand are probably 
not full-grown, as a faint angnlation at the periphery of the 
body-whorl suggests this opinion. In that case the number 
of whorls and the proportion of the aperture to the total 
length may hereafter require modification. S. involuta 
Gould, is similarly colored, but is a larger and thicker shell. ' ' 
(E. A. Smith). 

The specimens collected by Stuhlmann are a little larger. 
The dark brown, somewhat streaked coloration is character- 
istic of this species and S. elegans. Perhaps they would be 
more correctly placed in Homorus. 

22. S. PINGUIS Martens. PL 14, fig. 37. 

Shell club-shaped-turrited, very weakly striate, glossy, pale 
yellowish. "Whorls 9 1 / 4, somewhat convex, the first compara- 
tively small, rather globose, the second and third of nearly 
equal size, the following whorls slowly increasing in breath, 
with rather deep, somewhat crenulate suture; the last whorl 
scarcely convex above, rounded beneath. Aperture acutely 
ovate, rather oblique; outer lip thin, unexpanded; basal mar- 
gin shortly rounded, columellar margin weakly arcuate, some 
what thickened, whitish. Length 26%, diam. 8, aperture 
8x4 mm. (Marts.) 

Migere, Butumbi, in leaf mould. (Dr. Stuhlmann). 

Subulina pinguis MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 185; Beschalte 
Weichthiere p. 121, pi. 5, f. 18. 

To be recognized by the comparatively wide contour and 
glossy-smooth surface; in shape like Homorus mamboiensis 
but decidedly smaller. 

23. S. EMINI (E. A. Smith). PI. 14, fig. 38. 

Shell elongate, slender, pyramidal, subpellucid, pale green- 


SUBULJNA, EAST AFRICA. 89 

ish or yellowish- green, polished. Whorls 9, a little convex, 
slowly increasing, very lightly striate with growth-lines, 
separated by an oblique, rather deep suture. Apex obtusely 
rounded. Aperture small, oval, acute above, slightly exceed- 
ing one-fifth the total length. Columella quite arcuate, ob- 
liquely truncate in front, covered with a thin white callus. 
Length* 16, diam. 3.66, aperture 3.25 x 2 mm. (Smith'). 

Mamboya, 4-5000 ft. elevation (Last). 

Stenogyra (Subulina) emini SM., Ann. and Mag. N. H. 
(6) vi, p. 159, pi. 5, f. 19. 

"This species bears a general resemblance to S. stricta 
Poey, from Cuba, but differs in having much rounder whorls, 
a more arcuate columella, with a distinct basal truncation. 
S. lasti is differently colored and has shorter and more nu- 
merous whorls. 8. mammillata Craven is a larger species 
with a strongly puckered suture." (E. A. Smith). 

24. S. PERSTRIATA Martens. PI. 14, fig. 39. 

Shell turrited, closely covered with vertical rib-striae, whit- 
ish, lusterless, with obtuse apex. Whorls 8y 2 , the first small, 
rather globular, scarcely projecting, but distinctly striate; 
the second and third of about equal breadth, the following 
whorls regularly and slowly increasing in width, somewhat 
convex, with a moderately deep suture ; the last whorl roundly 
tapering below. Aperture rather oblique, one-fourth the 
total length, rounded-oval, the outer lip thin, arcuate, the 
columellar margin rather thin, weakly arcuate, distinctly 
twisted, very oblique below, and weakly truncate, above pass- 
ing into a distinct callous deposit on the parietal wall. 
Length 24!/o, diam. 6, aperture 5.66 x 3.5 mm. (Marts.) 

Migere in Butumbi, in forest mould. (Stuhlmann) . 

S. perstriata MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 184; Beschalte 
Weichthiere p. 122, pi. 5, f. 24. 

On first glance similar to the West African S. striatella 
Rang, but well distinguished by the sculpture of the apex; 
moreover it is larger with fewer whorls, and comparatively 
less slender. It might be nearest allied to solidiuscula and 
lent a, but both of these are notably larger. (Marts.). 


90 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 

25. S. BICOLUMELLARIS Martens. PI. 14, fig. 40. 

Turrited, closely rib-striate, dirty brownish, lusterless, with 
obtuse apex. Whorls iy 2 , the first rather globular, some- 
what projecting, the second globose, smooth, the third still 
of the same diameter but rib-striate ; the following whorls 
regularly and slowly increasing in diameter, somewhat con- 
vex, with moderately deep suture, the last whorl tapering and 
rounded below. Aperture moderately oblique, three-tenths 
of the shell's length, long-ovate; outer margin thin, a little 
arcuate ; columellar margin rather vertical, formed of two 
spiral cords ascending adjacent to and upon each other, 
separated by a deep furroiv; below obliquely truncate. 
Length 15, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 x 2 mm. (Marts.) 

Karevia, on the western foot of Runssoro, at an elevation 
of about 1175 meters (Stuhlmann). 

8. bicolumellaris MARTS., Nachrbl. 1895, p. 186; Beschalte 
Weichthiere p. 122, pi. 5, f. 25. 

Peculiar in the structure of the columellar margin, which 
is formed of two adjacent cords. In one example, which 
served for the illustration, these cords ran parallel and are 
separated by a furrow ; in two others they are somewhat more 
separated, somewhat diverging, and parted by a small flat 
surface. Finally, there are from the same place two larger 
specimens 17.5 mm. long, in which the upper cord is weakly 
developed but the other scarcely indicated. There seems 
thus to be a certain measure of variability, and perhaps in 
old examples a reduction ( resorption ? ) takes place (Marts.). 

The structure of the columella reminds one of Digonaxis 
cingalensis. 

26. S. SUBCRENATA Martens. PI. 14, fig. 41. 

Turrited, very weakly striate, yellowish, with pretty ob- 
tuse apex. Whorls 9, the first small, wart-like, the second 
and third inflated, nearly globular, equal, and smooth; the 
following whorls regularly, slowly increasing in diameter, 
scarcely 'Convex, ivith irregularly crenate suture ; the last 
whorl tapering below and rounded. Aperture oblique, three 
tenths the lengtHi, acutely ovate. Outer margin thin, a little 


SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 91 

arcuate; basal margin rounded. Columellar margin strongly 
arcuate, distinctly truncate basally, continued in a thin de- 
posit above upon the parietal wall. Length 13, diam. 3.5, 
aperture 6 x 2.5 mm, (Marts.) 

Migere in Butumbi, in leaf mould of the forest (Stuhl- 
mann). 

S. siCbcrenata MARTENS, Nachrbl. 1895, p. 186; Beschalte 
Weichthiere p. 123, pi. 5, f. 26, 26a. 

27. S. PERGRACILIS Martens. PL 14, fig. 42. 

Shell very slenderly turrited, quite weakly striate, yellow- 
ish, with rather obtuse apex. Whorls 10, the first small, wart- 
like, the second and third equal, convex, smooth, the follow- 
ing whorls regularly but very slowly increasing, rather flat 
with simple, shallow suture ; the last whorl tapering below 
and rounded. Aperture oblique, scarcely one-fourth the 
shell's length, ovate. Outer lip thin, rather arcuate; basal 
lip rounded; columellar margin strongly arcuate, obliquely 
truncate below. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 2.5 x 1.25 mm. 
(Marts.). 

Bukende on the Issango (Dr. Stuhlmann) . 

8. pergracilis MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 123, pi. 5, 
f. 27. 

Differs from S. subcrcnata Martens by the more slender 
shape and absence of sutural crenation. In general similar 
to the well-known 8. octona, but notably more slender. 
(Marts.'). 

28. S. INTERMEDIA Taylor. PI. 14, figs. 43, 44. 

"Shell elongated, very slender, conic-cylindrical, very thin 
glossy semi-transparent, of a glossy straw color, very finely 
striolate in the line of growth; epidermis very thin; whorls 
8-8^/2, very oblique, convex, gradually tapering to apex, which 
is obtuse and abrupt; the last whorl is but little larger than 
the penultimate ; suture very oblique, deep ; mouth broadly 
ovate; outer lip thin and curved; columella truncate with a 
thin and somewhat indistinct layer of callus; umbilicus obso- 
lete. Length 0.375, breath 0.076." (Taylor}. 


92 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 

Length 10, diam. 2.5, aperture 2x1 mm. (Smith). 

Zanzibar (Gibbons) ; Mamboya (Last) ; Kingani in 
Ukami, and Vuami valley, Ussagara (Bgt.). 

Subulina intermedia TAYLOR, Quart. Journ. of Conch, i, 
p, 282, pi. 3. f. 5 MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124.- 
BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat. p. 114. Stenogyra (Subulina) i., 
SMITH Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, p. 159. 

"This is a pale straw-colored glassy shell with rather long 
whorls, which are minutely (not very distinctly) puckered 
above at the suture. This feature is not mentioned by Mr. 
Taylor in the original description (Quart. Journ. Conch, vol. 
1. p. 282), nor is it depicted in the figure (pi. 1. fig. 5), in 
which the aperture is drawn rather too narrow." (E. A. 
Smith) . 

29. S. CONRADTI Martens. PI. 14, fig. 45. 

Very slenderly turrited, closely, weakly striate, glossy, 
translucent, pale yellow, with rather blunt apex. AVhorts 8, 
the first globular, the second and third convex, comparatively 
large, nearly equal in diameter; the following whorls regu- 
larly increasing in diameter, only weakly convex, with mod- 
erately deep suture. Aperture somewhat oblique, three-tenths 
the shell's length, between piriform and ovate. Outer margin 
thin, almost straight, basal margin rounded, columellar mar- 
gin a little arcuate, somewhat thickened, weakly and obliquely 
truncate below. Length 12, diam. 2.5, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. 
(Marts.). 

Derema in Ussambara (Conradt). 

S. conradti MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124, pi. 5, 
f. 28. 

It stands between S. pergracilis and intermedia, but while 
the upper whorls are more equal, the lower increase more 
rapidly in diameter than in these two species. In this re- 
spect, and the bright gloss, it approaches S. paucispira some- 
what (Marts.). 

30. S. CHAPMANI (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 14, fig. 46. 
Shell very slender, thin, white, acicular, long-turrited ; 


SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 93 

whorls 9, a little gradate at the sutures, two at the apex 
effuse ; longitudinally obliquely striate ; the last whorl oblong, 
straight, columella truncate. Aperture oblong-ovate; peris- 
tome simple and thin. Length 9.5, diam. 2.25 mm. 
(M. & P.). 

Ovampoland (Mr. Chapman). 

Stenogyra chapmani M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), 
ix, p. 90, pi. 6, f. 3 (Jan., 1892). 

"An extremely pretty though very small shell, of which 
the three specimens in Mr. Layard's collection are all more 
or less imperfect. They bear a decided superficial resem- 
blance to certain marine forms of the genus Chemnitzia, the 
shell being very delicate, white, eight- or nine-whorled, the 
whorls gradated at the sutures and longitudinally finely 
ribbed with raised strise." (Melv. & Pons.) 

31. S. CHIRADZULENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 47. 

Shell elongate, irnperforate, pale corneous, thin, subpel- 
lucid, striated with delicate oblique growth-lines. Spire mod- 
erately acuminate, submamillate apically. Whorls 9, 
slightly convex, bordered by a narrow pellucid line below 
the suture. Aperture inversely auriform, slightly more than 
one fourth the total length. Columella arcuate, obliquely 
truncate in front, the lip simple, thin. Length 18, diam. 5 
mm. (Smith}. 

Mt, Chiradzulu, 5000 ft., British Central Africa (Whyte). 

Subulina c., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 588, pi. 33, f. 46. 

Allied to 8. subcrenata Martens. The lines of growth are 
somewhat strong below the suture, producing a subcrenulated 
appearance. Prof. E. von Martens (in litt.) informs me that 
it is distinct from all he has described, but comes near his 
8. pinguis, being distinguished by its broader whorls and 
the different form of the upper part of the spire (Smith) . 

32. S. UNCTA E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 48. 

Shell elongate, thin, pellucid-corneous, polished; whorls 8, 
rather rapidly increasing, convex, sculptured with oblique, 
scarcely visible growth-lines, the last whorl elongated. Spire 


94 SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 

marnillate at tihe apex; suture oblique, linear, bordered be- 
low with a pellucid line. Aperture inversely auriform, 
scarcely one-third the total length; lip thin and simple. 
Columella arcuate, truncate in front, covered with a thin re- 
flexed callus. Length 17, diarn. 5.25, aperture 5x3 mm. 
(Smith}. 

Lagari, British East Africa (Steuart Betton). 

Subulina uncta SM., Journ. of Conch, x, p. 318, pi. 4, f. 18 
(Apr. 1, 1903). 

"It is remarkable for its very smooth glossy surface and 
form." 

33. S. DOHERTYI E. A. Smith. PI. 14, fig. 49. 

Shell lengthened, ovate-fusiform, thin, pellucid, pale cor- 
neous, glossy. Whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the upper two 
smooth, convex, the rest a little convex, parted by a deep 
oblique suture, regularly sculptured with delicate, oblique, 
subflexuous strias, the last whorl lengthened, very obliquely 
descending. Aperture ovate, acuminate above, the lip very 
thin. Columella arcuate, shortly truncate in front, covered 
with a thin callus. Length 9.5, diam. 2.75, aperture 3x2 
mm. (Smith). 

Eastern Uganda (Doherty). 

Subulina dohertyi SM., Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4, 
f. 19. (Apr. 1, 1903). 

"The form of this species is rather unusual, and the striae 
are distinct and regular." 

34. S. VITBEA (Mousson). PI. 14, fig. 50. 

Shell minute, imperforate, acuminate-turrited, rather thin, 
glassy, transparent, striatulate, glossy, pale yellowish. Spire 
regular, the summit obtuse, suture linear. Whorls 8, slowly 
increasing, the nuclear whorls rounded, following whorls 
somewhat flattened, the last whorl one-fifth the total length, 
oval, more convex beneath, not ascending. Aperture sub- 
oblique (making an angle of 30 degrees with the axis), oval. 
Peristome unexpanded, acute, the margins remote ; right mar- 
gin slightly, basal more arcuate; columella concave, obliquely 
cut at the base. Length 8, diam. 4 mm. (Mouss.). 


SUBULINA, EAST AFRICA. 95 

Southeast Africa : Ku-Ganab, southeast of Ondonga, under 
stones (Dr. Schintz). 

Stenogym (Subulina) vitrea Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 
1887, p. 296, pi. 12, f. 6. MARTS., Archiv f. Naturg. 1897, 
Ixiii, vol. i, p. 40. Opeas vitreum Mouss., STURANY, t. c. 
p. 597. 

A small species, almost as clear as glass, with the colurnella 
well truncate at the end. 

35. S. PAUCISPIRA Martens. PL 14, fig. 51. 

Shell elongate, almost turrited, without umbilical fissure, 
finely striate, the growth-strige just below the suture some- 
what stronger and somewhat curving backward; glossy, 
pale yellowish, translucent. Whorls 8, the first globose, form- 
ing an obtuse apex, the second hardly wider than the first; 
from the third whorl on it increases regularly in diameter, 
with a very slightly sunken suture, the last whorl rounded, 
gradually tapering. Aperture rather oblique, about a third 
the total length, acutely ovate; outer margin thin, moder- 
ately arcuate; basal margin, narrowly rounded; columellar 
margin strongly arcuate, obliquely but very decidedly trun- 
cate. Length 25, diam. 7.5, aperture 8x4 mm. A slender 
example measures, length 23, diam. 6.5, aperture 7 x nearly 
4 mm. (Marts.} . 

Forest region between Albert Edward and Albert Nyansa 
lakes; Karevia; Bundeko-Bukendo in Bugundi (Stuhl- 
mann) ; Eldoma ravine, south of Lake Baringo (Bishop 
Tucker) . 

Subulina paucispira MARTS., Sitz. Ber. d. Ges. nat Freunde 
zu Berlin, 1892, p. 177 ; Beschalte Weichthiere p. 124, pi. 5, 
f. 23; pi. 1, f. 14. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, 1894, 
p. 165. 

This species has on first sight the appearance of a Hapalus 
(Curvella), from its thin, very glossy shell, the comparatively 
large last whorl and the retraction of the striae below the 
suture ; but the structure of the columellar margin is wholly 
that of Sululina. Also, the further course of the growth- 
striae is not arched forward, and the obtuse apex agrees better 
with Sululina. (Marts.) 


96 SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 

For this species a section Notkapalus has been erected, char- 
acterized by the shell resembling Curvella, with comparatively 
large last whorl. 

Species of the Comoro Islands. 

S. ferriezi is a type of the prevalent form of Subulina in 
the Comoro Is. These shells are very smooth and glossy, 
with the whorls nearly flat or but weakly convex, and the 
embryonic shell with a smooth suture, without crenulate bor- 
der (pi. 13, fig. 30). All the species seem to conform to this 
type except four. 

S. cereola no. 42, and S. canonica no. 43, are finely striate. 

8. avenacea has the short contour of Opeas, and a very 
oblique columellar truncation. It belongs I think to Opeas. 

S. octona, no. 1, easily recognized by its convex, smoothish 
whorls and denticulate-bordered suture of the embryonic 
shell, is found in Madagascar and the Seychelles. 

36. S. FERRIEZI ('Marie' Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 28, 30, 31. 

"Shell elongate, turrited, thin, smooth, pellucid, extremely 
glossy, brownish horn colored. Spire subulate, apex rather 
obtuse. "Whorls 10, a little convex, suture impressed, smoothly 
united, the last whorl not equal to one-fourth the entire length 
of the shell. Columella arcuate, obliquely truncate. Aper- 
ture oval ; peristome thin and unexpanded. Length 18, diam. 
5 mm." (Morelet). 

Comoro Is.: Mayotte I. (Marie). 

Stenogyra ferriezi Marie MS., MORELET Jour, de Conch. 
xxx, p. 187, pi. 10, f. 12 (July, 1882). 

This shell, one of the most remarkable of the genus among 
those which live in the Comoro Islands, approaches, in form 
and size, the large individuals of Sten. striatella. But its 
aperture is longer, and the shell, of a slightly darker rufous 
tint, is smooth, glossy and absolutely black when the animal 
is within. The whorls of the spire are but little convex, and 
yet plainly separated by a suture bordered by a blackish line 
which is more or less confluent with it. The suture as it 
revolves becomes more oblique in the last whorls of the spire." 


SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 97 

(Morelet). Fig. 28 is a copy of Morelet's; 30 and 31 are 
drawn from a specimen. 

37. S. SIMPLEX (Morelet). PI. 13, figs. 29, 34. 

"Shell iinperf orate, subulate, thin, very smooth, pale horn- 
colored, shining, transparent. "Whorls 9, planulate, joined 
by a submarginate suture, the last hardly exceeding one- 
third the entire length of the shell. Aperture small, piri- 
form, external margin acute, unexpanded, columella arcuate, 
obliquely truncate. Length 10, diam. 3 mm." (Morelet.) 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte I. (Marie). 

Stenogyra simplex MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxx, p. 188,. 
pi. 10, fig. 9 (above figure 14) ; July, 1882. 

The features which characterize this shell in a genus where 
similar forms are so numerous, are in the first place, the pol- 
ish of its surface, the brevity of its columella, and the slight 
relief of the whorls of the spire. It has 9 whorls, at first a 
little convex, then more and more flattened as they approach 
the aperture. The aperture is small, almost exactly pear- 
shaped, with the columellar border short, strongly arcuate, 
and truncated near the base. The shell is transparent, of a 
pale horn color, smooth, polished, without a trace of strige, to 
the naked eye; and hardly distinguished with the aid of a 
hand lens." (Morelet"). The short, very concave columella 
is well shown in fig. 34, representing a shell received from 
Marie. 

38. S. GLABELLA (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 21. 

"Shell imperf orate, pyramidal, thin, diaphanous, shining, 
smooth, pale yellow. Spire subulate, apex rather acute. 
Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely 
angular at the base, equal to one-third of the length of the 
shell. Suture narrowly margined, a dark line accompanying 
it. Aperture oblong, margin thin, unexpanded, columella 
shortly arcuate, obliquely truncate. Length 13, diam. 5 mm. ' ' 
(Morelet.) 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie). 

Stenogyra glabella MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxi, p. 195, 
pi. 8, f. 11. July, 1883. 


98 SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 

"The shell is of a very pale fawn color, is glossy, trans- 
parent, smooth to the naked eye, but feebly and irregularly 
striate under sufficient magnification." (Morelet). 

39. S. PYRAMID ALIS (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 22. 

"Shell imperforate, turrited, thin, smooth, polished, trans- 
lucent, pale horn colored. Spire pyramidal, apex acute. 
Whorls 9, convex, obsoletely wrinkled below the impressed, 
brown-margined suture, the last subangulate at the base, 
scarcely exceeding one-third of the length. Aperture oblong, 
biangular, external margin thin, unexpanded, columella 
truncate, shortly canaliculate. Length 15, diam. 5 mm." 
(Morelet.) 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie). 

Stenogyra pyramidalis MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxi, 
p. 194, pi. 8, f. 9. July, 1883. 

Morelet adds that this species is distinguished by its pyra- 
midal, acuminate shape. It is smooth, polished and fragile, 
of a clear transparent tawny tint. The superficial striae with 
which it is engraved are quite numerous on the first whorls of 
the spire, but lose their regularity on reaching the last, where 
they may be seen below the sutures indistinctly. It is quite 
distinct from all others of the same region. 

40. S. TEREBELLA (Morelet) . PI. 13, fig. 26. 

"Shell acutely turrited, thin, subdiaphanous, smooth, shin- 
ing, uniform horn colored or obscurely banded; spire pyra- 
midal, apex rather acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, joined by 
an impressed suture, the last slightly ventricose, over three- 
sixths the entire length of the shell. Aperture semioval, ex- 
ternal margin thin, columella abruptly truncate. Length 17, 
diam. 6^/2 mm." (Morelet). 

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Humblot.) 

Stenogyra tercbclla MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxiii, p. 
290, pi. 14, f. 1. October, 1885. 

"The shell is glossy, very superficially striate, of a grey- 
ish-horn color, with indistinct, irregularly spaced lines. A 
variety has in place of this ornamentation, a diffuse brown- 


SUBULINA, COMORO IS. 99 

ish zone below the suture. One finds a similar coloration in 
Stenogyra nebulosa from Landana. " (Morelet). 

41. S. ORNATA (Morelet). PL 13. fig. 27. 

' ' Shell imperforate, turrited, thin, obsoletely striate, waxen, 
horny-yellow, purple flamed 011 the last whorl. Spire subu- 
late, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 8 nearly flat, joined by 
a slightly margined suture, the last dilated, equaling three- 
sevenths the entire length of the shell. Columella slightly 
arcuate, abruptly truncate, touching the base. Aperture 
semioval, margins thin and unexpanded. Length 14, diam. 
5i/ 2 mm." (Morelet}. 

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Hurnblot). 

Stenogyra ornata MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, p. 287, 
pi. 9, f. 6. October, 1887. 

"One might at first be tempted to consider this shell to be 
a small variety of Steno. terebella, which it reproduces al- 
most exactly in shape; but this similarity does not hold good 
when the details are examined. Without mentioning the size, 
which is a variable character, one sees that the whorls of the 
spire are less convex in the new species, and that it is com- 
plete in eight instead of nine. They are, moreover, distinctly 
margined, a particular that does not exist in 8. terebella, the 
same with the mode of coloration, which is rare in the genus 
and maybe considered specific." (Morelet). 

42. S. CEREOLA (Morelet). PI. 13, fig. 32. 

"Shell elongate turrited, apex obtuse, rather solid, finely 
hair-striate, shining, pellucid, yellowish white; whorls 8, a 
little convex, separated by a minutely denticulate suture, the 
last subangulate below the middle, hardly exceeding one quar- 
ter the length of the shell. Columella arcuate, obliquely 
truncate, not reaching the base of the aperture; aperture ob- 
long; peristome simple, acute and unexpanded. Length 14, 
diam. 4 mm." (Morelet.) 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte and Moheli under dead wood 
near the shore. (M. Vesco) . 

Achatina cereola MORELET Series Conchyliologiques ii, p. 
71, pi. 5, f. 3 (November, 1860). 


100 OBELISCELLA. 

"The last whorl is modified in shape by an obtuse peri- 
pheral angle, sometimes accompanied by a very faint yellow- 
ish-green band, which continues to the second half of the last 
whorl, in the line of sutural development. 

"This species is distinguished from A. octona by having a 
shorter more conical spire generally composed of fewer 
whorls, as well as by the angular form of the last whorl. 
It is moreover, more distinctly striate." (Morelet.) 

43. S. CANONICA (Morelet). PL 13, fig. 33. 

"Shell subulately turrited, apex acute, very finely striate, 
at the suture plicatulate, shining, horny brown. Spire regu- 
lar. Whorls 9, planulate, the last hardly equal to one-fourth 
the entire length of the shell. Columella strongly arcuate, 
short and obliquely truncate. Aperture semioval, peristome 
acute, unexpanded. Length 19, diam. 5y 2 mm." (Morelet.) 

Comoro Islands: Grand Comoro (Humblot.) 

Stenogyra canonica MORELET Journ. de Conch, xxxiii, p. 
291, pi. 14, f. 8. October, 1885. 

This species, which enlarges very regularly, approaches 8. 
simpularia of Anjouan I., but the columella is short, strongly 
arcuate and obliquely truncate; and after the fourth whorl 
one sees fine and not very regular strite, of which some more 
prominent than the rest, make it plicate below the sutures. 
(Morel.). 

Genus OBELISCELLA Jousseaume. 

Oleliscella Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 1899, p. 
359 (0. lucidissima the only species mentioned). 

Shell impcrforate, turrited, with obtuse, rounded smooth 
apex and glossy surface, composed of 9 or 10 nearly flat 
whorls. Aperture oblique, ovate, the outer lip obtuse, being 
slightly thickened but not in the least reflexed, straight, not 
retracted above or below. Columella continuous with basal 
and parietal margins, slightly concave, rounded, reflexed and 
closely appressed; parietal callus distinct. Type 0. lucidis- 
sima (Palad.). 

Distribution, Southern Arabia and probably East Africa. 


OBELISCELLA. 101 

The name Obeliscella was proposed as a substitute for 
Obeliscus Beck, but it was first used for the species B. lucidis- 
simus, which is, in fact, the only species mentioned in Jous- 
seaume's note. Professor von Martens, whose general know- 
ledge of land shells has probably never been surpassed, re- 
cognized features which led him to suspect an affinity to 
Ennea. ' Although we have as yet no anatomical knowledge 
of the Arabian form, I have little doubt that it will prove 
to belong with Ennea, Elma, Streptostele etc., in the Agna- 
thous family Streptaxidce. The genus is included here merely 
for temporary convenience, because the shell would naturally 
be looked for in or near Opeas. 

0. LUCIDISSIMA (Paladilhe). PI. 26, figs. 35, 36, 37. 

Shell imperforate, elongate-subcylindric, nearly smooth, 
very glossy, subpellucid, amber or white-hyaline, quite solid. 
Spire a little attenuated above, the apex obtuse. Whorls 
9 1 / 4, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, separated by a super- 
ficial suture which is margined below; the last whorl at the 
aperture over one-fourth the total length, a little ascending 
to the aperture; its free margin straight oblique, strongly 
receding. Aperture oblique, rounded-subpiriform, angled at 
the insertion of the outer lip ; peristome unexpanded, slightly 
subpatulous; columella rather wide above, reflexed, narrow 
below; right margin much longer, rather arcuate, the mar- 
gins joined by a conspicuous callus. Length 15, cliam. 4 
mm. (Palad.) 

Arabia: near Aden (Issel) ; debris of the torrent Kursi 
near Aden (Jouss.). 

Bulimus lucidissimus PALAD., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova iii, 
1872, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 18, 19. PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 134.- 
Obeliscella lucidissima Bgt., JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Mai. 
France vi, 1889, p. 359. 

Readily distinguished by its regularly tapering, obtuse- 
topped shape, brilliant gloss, the closely appressed columellar 
callus and blunt, smooth lip. A single specimen before me 
measures 13.5 mm. long, 3.8 wide, the aperture 3.5 mm. long. 
It has 9 1 /<5 whorls. The dimensions are therefore between 


102 OBELISCELLA. 

those given by Paladilhe and by von Martens. The form de- 
scribed by von Martens has been renamed by Jousseaurne, 
without seeing specimens or indicating any differences. 
While somewhat smaller than the types, there seems to be no 
adequate reason for giving it a name. The description 
follows : 

Var. martensi Jousseaume. Shell cylindric-turrite, lightly 
striatulate, glossy, reddish- corneous; apex obtuse, subglobose. 
Whorls 9, flattened, joined by a whitish, moderately impressed 
suture, regularly increasing, the last shortly tapering at the 
base. Aperture a little oblique, over one-fourth the total 
length, subovate, acutely angular above, the peristome unex- 
panded; a little thickened. Columellar margin rather ob- 
lique, basal subangular, above dilated and appressed, pass- 
ing into a distinct parietal callus. Length 11.5, diam. 3.33, 
aperture 3 x 2 mm. (Marts.). 

Ennea f lucidissima MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges. 
1889, p. 152. Obeliscella f Martensi Jouss., Bull. Soc. 
Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 99. 

Foothills of Badjil and on the Gebel Bura at Chalifa, in the 
western outliers of the Yemen mountain region (Schwein- 
furth) . 

0. BENTUE (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 26, fig. 34. 

Shell cylindric, tapering, scarcely pellucid, straight, pale 
ochraceous; whorls 10, smooth, but slightly ventricose. 
Aperture ovate, peristome simple, a little thickened. Length 
14, width 4 mm. A conspicuous shell, pale ochraceous in 
color, non-transparent, cylindrical, attenuate, etc., named in 
honor of the collector, Mrs. Bent (M. & P.). 

Southern Arabia: Dhofar (Mrs. Bent). 

Stenogyra India- M. & P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. ii, p. 

1, pi. 1, f. 4 (April, 1896). 

The opacity of this shell may perhaps be due to the dead 
condition of the specimens. In other respects it seems to 
bear a suspiciously close resemblance to Obeliscella lucidis- 
sima. I have not seen the species. Melvill and Ponsonby 
institute no comparisons, and do not seem to have given much 
attention to the literature of Arabian snails. 


OBELISCELLA. 103 

0. SUBVARICOSA (v. Martens). PI. 26, figs. 38, 39. 

Imperforate, turrite-lanceolate, with sliarp, narrow, verti- 
cal striae, very glossy, yellowish-white with a few pale green- 
yellowish growth-arrest streaks on all the Whorls; rather 
acute above. 10 whorls, the first small, approaching globular, 
the second and third swollen, of subequal size, without striae ; 
the following whorls regularly increasing, somewhat convex, 
the last but little tapering below. Aperture but slightly 
oblique, one-third to two-fifths the shell's length, lanceolate; 
outer margin thin, slightly curved, basal margin narrowly 
rounded ; columellar margin vertical, thick, white, continued 
on the parietal Avail in a very thin deposit. Length 17, diam. 
5, aperture scarcely 5 mm. long, 2y 2 wide (Martens}. 

German East Africa: Runssoro in bamboo forest, 2600 
meters elevation; camp no. iii, at 3100 m. elevation (Dr. 
Stuhlniann) . 

Opeas subvaricosum MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere 
Deutsch Ost-Afrikas, p. 126, 296, pi. 5, f. 29 and 21. 

A shorter, somewhat more ventricose form, length 14, diam. 
5 mm. (fig. 39), but perhaps not full grown, was taken also 
at Stuhlmann's Camp III on Runssoro. 

The investigation of the radula of a spirit example by Dr. 
Meissner has shown that this snail belongs to the Agnatha 
near Ennea. It may be referable to the genus Obeliscella 
Jouss., up to this time known only from southern Arabia. 
(Marts.} 

0. RETTERI (' Rosen ' Kobelt). PI. 26, figs. 40, 41. 

Shell imperforate, long-subcylindric, slowly tapering to- 
wards the apex, thin, translucent, very smooth, but seen to 
be very delicately striate under a strong lens; deep amber- 
brown. Spire turrite, gradually tapering-conic towards the 
summit, the sides slightly convex, apex acute, minute, paler. 
Suture linear, distinct, appressed-maKginate below. Whorls 
9, a little convex, gradually and regularly increasing, the last 
slightly larger than the preceding, subcompressed at base, 
scarcely ascending in front. Aperture small, ovate, com- 
pressed above and below, colored within like the outside; 


104 ZOOTECUS. 

peristome unexpanded, very thin, margins unequal, hardly 
connected, the outer very thin and fragile, columellar short, 
slightly arcuate, very delicately filiform-thickened. Length 
14, diam. of penult, whorl 4.25, alt. apert. 4 mm. (Kob.). 

Turkestan: Aulie-ata, in the Syr-Darja district (coll. 
Rosen). 

Stenogyra retteri Rosen mss. KOBELT, Nachrbl. d. Deutschen. 
Malak. Ges. xxxvi, p. 87, June, 1894; and in Rossmassler's 
Iconographie xii, p. 11, pi. 305, f. 1953. 

The first true Stenogyrid from Turkestan. Only one ex- 
ample. It appears adult, but perhaps the peristome is not 
completely developed (Kobelt). 

While the generic position of this snail is not certain, yet 
its characters indicate, I think, a place in Obeliscella. 

Genus ZOOTECUS Westerlund. 

Zootecus WESTERL., Fauna der in der Palaarctisehen Re- 
gion lebenden Binnen-Conchylien, iii, pp. 3, 75, 1887 (for 
B. insularis, adenensis, ducoureti, soleilleti) . Mastus, Buli- 
mus, Rumina and Buliminus in part of authors. Chilogym- 
nus JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 289 
(for C. insularis Ehr.). 

Shell rather small, pale or white, perforate, pupiform, cy- 
lindric with conic summit or cylindric-tapering, composed of 
7 to 10 compactly coiled whorls, the last rounded below; 
striate or decussate, glossy. Summit conic, entire, the pro- 
toconch striate like the following whorls, not bulbous. Axis 
slender and straight, narrowly perforated throughout. Aper- 
ture small, widely ovate, the peristome thickened, "blunt, 
columellar margin straight or concave, with reflexed edge, 
continuous with the basal lip. Reproduction viviparous. 
Dentition Achatinoid. Type Z. insularis (Ehr.). 

Distribution: Cape Verde Is. and the Sahara eastward to 
Arabia, India and Burma, chiefly in arid or barren regions. 

A group of small, Pupiform snails, largely eremitic in 
habits, generally occurring in large numbers, and varying 
within wide limits in size and degree of taper. Most gath- 
erings from one place show shorter and longer individuals, 


ZOOTECUS. 105 

as in Holospira and Cerion; the diameter remaining more 
constant for any one colony. The proportion of diameter 
to length is therefore individually variable. There is a good 
deal of local variation in size and texture, and hence a 
superabundance of names. 

The group was instituted by Westerlund as a section of 
Buliminus. Kobelt, in his great monograph of the "Buli- 
m/inida'" also leaves Zootecus therein, though uncertain as to 
its position. Bourguignat struck nearer the mark in refer- 
ring the species to Rumina, for I find the dentition to be of 
the Stenogyroid type. It is however not closely related to 
Rumina, which differs markedly by its smooth, globose pro- 
toconch and attenuated, cylindric, subsequent neanic whorls. 
Riebeckia is perhaps the nearest akin to Zootecus. Opeas 
and its brood belong to another line of differentiation. 

Captain Hutton found the large Indian form (pullus] to 
be viviparous, three or four young shells lying in the oviduct. 
I have confirmed this by opening dry shells of Z. insularis. 
The young are ovate-conic, perforate, of two or three whorls, 
and like the adults have the columella entire below. 

There seem to be only two well-marked species, but 
Z. insularis has a multitude of local races. 

1. Z. CONTIGUUS (Reeve). PI. 26, figs. 19, 20. 

Shell elongately cylindrical, not umbilicated, whorls 9, 
flatly convex, smooth, polished, faintly impressed-crenulate 
at the sutures; columella broad, vertical. Aperture minute, 
margins thickened, reflected, joined above by a callosity. 
Ivory-white. (Reeve}. Length 12 mm. 

Island of Sokotra (Reeve) ; Abd-el-Kuri, under stones on 
the peak Gebel Saleh, 800-1500 ft. elevation (H. 0. Forbes). 

Bulimus contiguus RVE., Conch. Icon. v. pi. 79, f. 582 
(Sept., 1849). Buliminus (Mastus) contiguus (Rve.) SMITH, 
Natural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri, p. 152; 1903. 
Bulimus teres PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1849, p. 90 (Nov., 
1849). B. contiguus Rve., PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 253, pi. 68, 
f . 14, 15 ; Monogr. iii, 403 (description of teres repeated un- 
der the name contiguus}. 


106 ZOOTECUS. 

"While 'closely related to Z. insularis, this insular form dif- 
fers 'by its very glossy and smooth surface without the char- 
acteristic decussation of that species except on the earliest 
whorls. The striation is weak except just below the sutures. 
The lip and parietal wall are more heavily calloused than 
usual in insularis, and the aperture is smaller. Reeve's fig- 
ure represents a shell in which the dried animal shows darkly 
through the shell. The specimen drawn in fig. 119 measures, 
length 12, diam. above aperture 3.7, length of aperture with 
peristome 3.3 mm. ; whorls 9. 

Z. contiguus has been erroneously reported from Zanzibar. 
Its presence on the island of Sokotra has not been confirmed 
by the recent explorations there of several naturalists, but it 
was found on the neighboring islet of Abd-el-Kuri. 

Bulimus teres (fig. 20) . Shell subimperf orate, rather solid, 
cylindric, very finely (especially at the sutures) striatulate, 
glossy, fleshy-whitish. Spire tapering above, apex obtusely 
conic, suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 9, a little 
convex, the last about two-sevenths the length, subascending 
in front. Aperture vertical, subpiriform; peristome lipped 
and somewhat thickened, margins joined by a callus, the 
right margin straight, subdilated in the middle, columellar 
margin vertical, short, reflexed. Length 13, diam. 4, oblique 
alt. apert. 4, width 3 mm. (P/r.). 

2. Z. INSULAKIS (Ehrenberg). PI. 26, fig. 21, and vars. figs. 
22-33. 

" Subcylindric, apex tapering, subacute, glossy, whitish- 
corneous, very finely transversely striate, the string narrower 
towards the apex, pellucid, aperture semiovate, the margin a 
little reflexed, lightly calloused, whorls 7 to 8, the three first 
subequal in diameter. 

"Length 5y 2 , width 1% lines, whorls 8. 

"Length 514, width 1% lines, whorls 7." (Elirenberg) . 

Cameran Island, in the Red Sea (Ehrenberg). The vari- 
ous forms of the species extend from the Cape Verde Is. and 
Senegambia eastward to Egypt, Abyssinia, southern Arabia, 
Beluchistan, Hindustan and Ceylon, and as far east as Upper 
Burma. 


ZOOTECUS. 107 

Pupa insularis EHRENBERG, Symbolse Physicae, Animalia 
Evertebrata, Ser. I, Mollusca, fourth signature, page third. 
1831. PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 307. Bulimus insularis PPR., 
Monogr. Hel. Viv. iii, p. 403; iv, 463; Conehyl. Cab. p. 125, 
pi. 36, f. 26-28. REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 67, f. 476.- 
MORELET, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. iii, 1872, p. 198 (Dahalac 
and Rqs Gherar Is.). HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Ind. p. 11, 
pi. 22, f. 10 (Delhi, Bundelkund, etc.). BGT., Mai. de 
I'Abyssiuie, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. xv, 1883, p. 65 (includes 
Pupa pulla Gray, P. cylindrica Hutt., B. contiguus Rve. and 
adenensis Pfr. as synonyms). Rumina insularis BGT., Moll. 
Choa. p. 22, 1885. JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Malac. France vi, 
1889, p. 359 (includes B. adenensis Pfr., ducoureti and soleil- 
leti Bgt. as synonym ; vii, 89. Bulimiiius insularis Ehr., 
JICKELI, Moll. N.-O. Afrikas p. 108, pi. 5, f. 4. POLLONERA, 
Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii, p. 70 (Havash valley) ; Boll. Mus. 
Zool. ed. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino xiii, no. 313, p. 6 (Mas- 
saua, Assab). SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 142 
(Oman, Arabia). MARTENS, Nachrbl. D. Malac. Ges. 1889, 
p. 151 (Badjil a,nd Chalifa on the Gebel Bura). Chilogym- 
nus insularis JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1894, 
p. 289 (Ceylon). Cylindrus insularis Ehr., THEOB., Journ. 
Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlvii, pt. 2, 1878, p. 146 (Kashmir) .- 
Pupa (Cylindrus} insularis Ehr., G. NEVILL, in Anat. and 
Zool. researches and Zool. Results of the Yunnan Expedi- 
tions, i, p. 882, 1878 (includes pullus Gray and cylindrica 
Hutt.}. "Pupa . . . (mihi} cylindrical?," HUTTON, Journ. 
Asiat. Soc. Bengal iii, p. 93, 1834 (no. 6, genus Pupa, p. 85) ; 
quoted as " Pupa cylindrica Hutt." by authors. Bulimus 
cylindricus auct. 

The sculpture consists of fine, close, subvertical striae, a 
little bent near the suture, and intersected by several (usu- 
ally three to six) very narrow smooth spiral bands. These 
may be obsolete on the last whorl or two, though usually per- 
sistent. The whorls are moderately convex, the last ascend- 
ing a trifle to the aperture. The outer lip is somewhat thick- 
ened inside, giving the appearance of a low white welt be- 
hind it externally. The edge itself is obtuse but not ex- 


108 ZOOTECUS. 

panded. The columellar margin is dilated, thickened, and 
arches over the very small umbilicus. 

The species is excessively variable, but the typical form is 
small, specimens measuring as follows: 

Length 10, diam. above aperture 3.8 mm., whorls 8%. 

Length 9, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm., whorls iy 2 . 

Length 8, diam. above aperture 3.2 mm., whorls 7 1 /4- 

This small form is common in Arabia and India. The shell 
is thinner and usually more whitish-corneous, less opaque- 
white than the larger forms. 

Shells of the same general type but more robust have been 
found in both Africa and India, and numerous nominal 
species have been based upon them. It is quite likely that 
some of these may be found to be local races worthy of re- 
cognition by name ; but pending a thorough study of the sub- 
ject by some naturalist with the requisite local knowledge, 
it seems best to give in this place merely the original docu- 
ments, with such notes on the shells and figures as may 
seem useful. 

African forms. 

In Eastern Africa Z. insularis has been reported from 
Egypt (Letourneaux) ; around Massaua, in the Bogos country 
and on the Hamacen plateau, Abyssinia (Raff ray) ; western 
shore of Lake Stephanie, British East Africa (Dr. A. Donald- 
son Smith, 1896). Much further west it has been found at 
Oued-Anissait, north of Insala, in the Algerian Sahara, a 
place in about 27 N. Lat., nearly south from Algiers (Soleil- 
let, B. soleilleti Bgt.). Still further west it occurs in Sene- 
gambia (coll. A. N. S. P.) and on the Cape Verde Islands, 
where it is known as B. subdiaphanus King. 

The specimens collected by Dr. A. D. Smith at Lake Steph- 
anie are quite cylindric, sharply finely striate, with the 
characteristic decussating spiral grooves (pi. 26, fig. 22). 
They measure from 10 x 4.2 to 11 x 4 mm., whorls 7% to 8. 
The parietal callus is not very thick. 

Bourguignat's specimens from the Algerian Sahara de- 
scribed as B. soleilleti (Species noviss. Moll, in Eur. Syst. 


ZOOTECUS. 109 

detects, p. 21, 1876) are larger, 13 x 4 mm., with. Sy 2 whorls 
and a strong parietal callus, being similar to var. pullus. 

Some specimens from Senegambia before me are quite like 
typical Z. insularis except in being in the average a little 
more cylindrical, 10 x 3.8 mm., some of them with the spiral 
grooves obsolete. 

Var.. subdiaphanus (King). PI. 26, fig. 33. Shell min- 
utely perforate, conic at the summit, the last 3 or 4 
whorls subcylindric, but slightly tapering, bluish-white un- 
der a very thin yellow or brownish, cuticle. Sculpture of 
fine, often nearly effaced striae, strongest below the suture, and 
which in some specimens are interrupted by shallow spiral 
grooves. Whorls l l / 2 to 8y 2 , slightly convex, the last a little 
thickened behind the lip. Aperture small, widely ovate, the 
peristome quite obtuse; columellar margin dilated and ex- 
panded. Parietal callus usually rather thick. 
Length 16.7, diani. above aperture 5.5 mm. 
Length 12, diam. above aperture 4.2 mm. 
Length 12, diam. above aperture 3.8 mm. 
Length 9.8, diam. above aperture 3.4 mm. 
Cape Verde Islands: Porto Praya (King, type loc.) ; S. 
Nieolao, S. lago, Fogo and Brava under stones, especially in 
barren places near the sea (Wollaston) ; S. Vicente, S. Antao, 
Branco (Fischer). 

Pupa subdiapliana KING, Zoological Journal v, p. 340 (last 
half of 1831). Bulimus subdiaplianus King, PFR., Symbols 
ii, p. 122; Monogr. ii, 163; iii, 404; iv, 464; vi, 102; viii, 140; 
Conchyl. Cab. p. 53, pi. 16, f. 7, 8. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, 
pi. 69, f. 493. MORELET, Journ. de Conch. 1873, p. 238.- 
Buliminus s., DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1869, p. 11. FISCHER, 
Journ. de Conch. 1884, p. 380. Stenogyra siibdiapliana 
WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica p. 511 (1878). Helix bam- 
louclia Fer., RANG, Bull. univ. des Sci. i, 1827, p. 306 (no 
description). Bulimus lambouclia WEBB et BERTH., Ann. 
Sci. Nat. xxxviii, p. 325. Bulimus labouclia, POTIEZ et 
MICHAUD, Catal. Moll. Galerie du Douai i, p. 134, pi. 14, f. 
5, 6. (1838). 

The Cape Verde Island specimens are so similar to some 


110 ZOOTECUS. 

forms of insularis that without the locality they could not, 
I think, be distinguished. A form of insularis is known 
from the adjacent African mainland (Senegambia), as well 
as from points in the Sahara; and it will probably be found 
to extend across the continent in the arid zone. 

Cape Verde I. specimens vary a good deal, doubtless lo- 
cally. Some specimens 10 mm. long have as many whorls 
as others of nearly 17 mm. length. Captain King gives the 
length of the type as a little less than four-eighths of an inch. 

Asiatic forms. 

Z. insulans is generally distributed in southern Arabia. 
Jousseaume gives the localities: Mascat; near Aden; Dyobla, 
between Aden and Sana Mahala, between Aden and Steamer 
Point, to which we may add Djobla, north of Aden, the lo- 
cality of Bulimus ducoureti Bgt. (Species noviss. Moll in Eur. 
Syst. detects, p. 20, 1876). Nevill states that in the Indian 
Museum there are specimens from Sind, Kutch, Suliman 
Range, Trichinopoly, Ceylon, Poona, Burwani Hills, Tinali 
(Benares), Saharunpur (N.-W. Provinces), Pagan, Upper 
Burma, etc. It is not found around Calcutta, These locali- 
ties doubtless pertain to several forms of the species, not to 
typical insularis alone. Ancey has given a review of the 
Asiatic forms in Bull. Soc. Malac. France iii, 1886, pp. 60-64. 
While typical insularis is common in India, the prevalent 
type is 

Var. PULLUS Gray (pi. 26, figs. 26-28) a larger, opaque, 
whitish shell, more or less tinted with reddish-brown on the 
spire, and measuring as follows : 

Length 15, diam. above aperture 5 mm. ; whorls 9. 
Length 13, diam. above aperture 4.9 mm. ; whorls 
Length 10, diam. above aperture 4.3 mm. ; whorls 
Length 9.7, diam. above aperture 4.5 mm. ; whorls 
Length 8, diain. above aperture 3.8 mm. ; whorls 
The Arabian adenensis Pfr. and ducoureti Bgt. are scarcely 
separable from pullus Gray. 

"Bulimus pullus. Shell ovate, subcylindric, subimperfor- 


ZOOTECUS. Ill 

ate, pellucid, whitish, delicately striate, apex conic, rather ob- 
tuse, pellucid. Whorls 9 or 10, scarcely raised. Aperture 
small, subrotund, semilunate ; lips somewhat thickened, 
rounded. Length 8, diain. 2 1 /2 lines. Eastern India on the 
banks of the Ganges, Dr. Royle. It varies greatly in size and 
is often smaller" (Gray). 

Bulimus pullus GRAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 66. PFR., Monogr. 
iv, p. 463 ; vi, p. 101. Rumina pulla GRAY, Ancey, Bull. Soc. 
Mai. France iii, p. 61 (distribution). 

Bulimus adenensis Pfr., (pi. 26, fig. 30). Shell subper- 
forate, subcylindric, solid, srnoothish, glossy; white, irregu- 
larly strewn with grayish corneous spots. Spire long, taper- 
ing above, the apex conic, rather acute, hyaline. Suture 
light. Whorls 9, scarcely convex, the last about two-sevenths 
the total length, subascending in front, rounded below. Aper- 
ture vertical, subrhombic-semioval ; peristome unexpanded, 
the margins joined by a thick callus, right margin obtuse, 
columellar margin thick, dilated. Length 13, diam. 4.25, 
aperture scarcely 4 mm. long, 2 wide (Pfr.). 

Arabia: on volcanic rocks at Aden (Benson, type loc.), 
and on the island Dakulak in the Red Sea (Riippel). 

Bulimus adenensis PFR., Zeitschr. f . Malak. 1851, p. 27 ; 
Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, pi. 21, f . 12, 13 ; Monographia iii, p. 404. 
Pupa edentula RUPPEL mss. in Cuming Coll. 

Var. AGRENSIS Kurr (pi. 26, figs. 24, 25) comprises stouter, 
white and chalky forms. B. cliion Pfr. (pi. 26, fig. 32) is 
only a small form; while estellus Bens. (pi. 26, fig. 29) differs 
in being still more robust. The figured specimen of cliion 
(fig. 32) measures length 12, diam. 5.2 mm., whorls 


B. agrensis Kurr. (PI. 26, figs. 24, 25). Shell perforate, 
cylindric-turrite, smooth, glossy, white; spire long, gradually 
tapering above, the apex rather acute, suture impressed. 
Whorls 9, a little convex, striate at the sutures, the last not 
one-third the total length, somewhat ascending in front, 
rounded basally. Aperture vertical, rounded-lunar; peris- 
tome simple, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate, 


112 ZOOTECUS. 

columellar margin subvertical, narrowly refiexed, overhang- 
ing. Length 16, diarn. 6, aperture 5 x 3% mm. (Kurr). 

Agra (Munich Museum). 

Bulimus agrensis KURR, Malak. Bl. ii, 1855, p. 107. PFR., 
Novit. Conch, i, p. 57, pi. 16, f. 9, 10; Monogr. iv, p. 463- 
HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica pi. 23, f. 1. 

I have not seen this form, which seems to differ from in- 
sularis by the smooth surface ; yet I think it should probably 
be ranked as a subspecies of the wide-spread insularis. 
Hanley figures a more tapering form than the type figured 
by Pf eiffer. 

B. chion Pfr. (PI. 26, fig. 32). Shell perforate, oblong, 
solid, striatulate, white. Spire long, terminating in a some- 
what acute cone. Whorls 7 to 8, moderately convex, the last 
a little more than one-third the total length, somewhat as- 
cending in front, the base rounded. Aperture vertical, ovate- 
lunar; peristome calloused, the margins joined by a callus, 
columellar margin short, somewhat straightened, dilated. 
Length 12, diarn. 5.5, oblique alt. of aperture 4.33, width 
3 mm. (Pfr.). 

Mouth of the Indus river and in the Punjaub (Shiplay), in 
Cuming Coll.). 

Bulimus chion PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 332; Monogr. iv, p. 
463. HANLEY & THEOB., Conch. Indica p. 11, pi. 22, f. 1.- 
Rumina chion Pfr., ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Malac. France iii, 
1883, p. 60. 

Bulimus estellus Benson. (PI. 26, fig. 29). Shell narrowly 
perforate, oblong, cylindric, rather remotely grooved spirally, 
the intervals between grooves being very closely rib-striate; 
whitish ; spire cylindric, the apex conic, rather acute ; suture 
impressed; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last ascending in 
front, about one-third the length of the shell, the base slightly 
compressed around the perforation. Aperture vertical, an- 
gulate-oval ; peristome obtuse, the columellar margin vertical, 
thickened and refiexed. Length 18, diam. 6 mm. (Bens.) . 

India: in the district of Sind (Col. "W. E. Baker). 

B. estellus BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, April, 


ZOOTECUS. 113 

1857, p. 327. PPR., Monogr. iv, 462. HANLEY & THEOB., 
Conch. Indica, pi. 22, f. 4. 

"At once distinguished from the allied B. pullns Gray by 
its stouter form and by the ascent of the last whorl near the 
aperture" (Bens.}. 

Var. POLYGYRATUS Reeve. (PI. 26, figs. 31). "Shell pyra- 
midally turrited, minutely umbilicated, whorls 9 to 10, rather 
narrow, rounded, finely plicately striated, columella' reflected, 
aperture small, lip simple ; bluish- white. An erect, closely 
convoluted shell, of which the sutures are rather impressed" 
(Reeve). 

The habitat of the type was unknown. Nevill refers here 
specimens from Gwadar, Beluchistan; Aden; Bender Abbas, 
Persia; and Rohra Hills, Sind. 

Bulimus polygyratus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 79, f. 578 
(1849. PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 404. --Pupa insularis var. 
polygyrata Rve., NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. i, p. 195. 
Bulimus polygiratus Reeve, ISSEL, Mem. Real Accademia della 
Scienze di Torino (2 ser.), xxiii, p. 416, pi. 2, f. 25-28, 1866 
(Bender Abbas). 

This is a comparatively narrow, cylindric form. Accord- 
ing to Nevill, B. pertica Bens, is an aberrant specimen of 
polygyratus. The description follows. 

B. pertica Benson. (PL 26, fig. 23). Shell imperforate, 
exactly cylindric, very much lengthened, very closely arcuate- 
striolate, and sculptured with some inconspicuous spiral 
grooves. White. Spire cylindric with conic, rather obtuse 
apex ; suture impressed. Whorls 10, nearly flat, the last one- 
fifth the length of the shell, slightly descending in front, 
rounded basally. Aperture very oblique, piriform; peris- 
tome thin, the basal margin thickened, subeffuse, columellar 
margin expanded, appressed. Length 20, diam. 5 mm. 
(Bens.). 

India: in the region of Sind (Col. W. E. Baker). 

Bulimus pertica BENS., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (2), xix, 
April, 1857, p. 328. PPR., Monogr. iv, p. 462 HANLEY & 
THEOB., Conch. Indiea, pi. 22, f. 7. 


114 PSEUDOPEAS. 

"At once distinguishable from B. pullus Gray and its allies 
by its lengthened, cylindrical form, its slenderness, and by 
the obliquity of the aperture " (Bens.). 

Genus PSEUDOPEAS Putzeys, 1899. 

Pseudopeas PUTZ., Annales de la Societe Roy ale Malacolo- 
gique de Belgique, xxxiv, 1889, Bull, des seances p. 1'viii. 
Beccaria BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Abyssinie, in Annales des 
Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, xv, 1883, p. 119 (for 8. isscli 
Jick) . Not Beccaria Trinchese, Ann. Mus. Civ. di Stor. Nat. 
di Genova, i, 1870, p. 47 (Nudibranchiata). 

Shell iniperforate or perforate, similar to Opeas but with 
the protoconch of about 2 whorls spirally striate, subsequent 
whorls longitudinally ribbed or rib-striate. Aperture as in 
Opeas, the coluniellar margin reflexed. Type P. pulchellum 
Putz. 

Distribution: tropical West Africa; Abyssinia; Comoro 
Is.; Central Australia; South America. 

This is one of the most distinct of the groups dismem- 
bered from Opeas, though its special features can scarcely 
be seen without a compound microscope. It was first re- 
cognized by Bourguignat, who knew it only from Jickeli's 
account; but the generic name given by him had been used 
many years before. Dr. Putzeys in 1899 proposed Pseud- 
opeas as a new sub genus for ribbed Opeas, without knowing 
of Bourguignat 's work, and in the belief that the protoconch 
was smooth. Only Jickeli and d'Ailly have noticed the api- 
cal sculpture. 

That the West and East African species are closely related 
there can be no reasonable doubt; but the Australian form 
referred to the genus may prove to be an unrelated but con- 
vergent branch from the Opeas stem. The same may be true 
of the American species. 

Subgenus PSEUDOPEAS s. sir. Shell short, of 5 to 1% more 
or less ribbed whorls; protoconch very minutely engraved 
spirally. Reproducing by large globular eggs, as in Opeas. 

Prince Island, Gulf of Guinea: P. crossei. 


PSEUDOPEAS. 115 

West Africa and Congo Valley: P. saxatile, plebeium, 
egens, pulchellum, scalariforme. 

Abyssinia: P. isseli. 

Comoro Is. : P. pusillum. 

Subgenus EREMOPEAS Pils., nov. Shell long, of 7 to 9 
whorls, densely and evenly striate; protoeonch sculptured 
with rather coarse, low, weakly nodose spirals. Viviparous, 
bringing forth young of an oblong shape with about 2y 2 
whorls. Type P. interior-is (Tate), Central Australia. 

N. E. Australia : P. tuckeri. 

1. P. CROSSEI (Girard). PI. 15, figs. 60, 61. 

Shell conic-turriculate, subperforate, thin, transparent, 
somewhat shining, yellowish, ornamented with small, slightly 
curved riblets, quite separated and regularly spaced. Spire 
composed of 6 very convex whorls of regular increase, parted 
by a deep suture; the embryonic 1^ whorls smooth, summit 
obtuse. Last whorl rounded, slightly less than one-third the 
total length. Aperture oval-rounded, slightly oblique; peris- 
tome simple, acute, the margins joined by a very weak callus ; 
columellar margin straight, reflexed, forming a very indis- 
tinct angle with the basal margin; outer margin noticeably 
arched forward. Length 4.5, diam. 2, aperture 1.5 x .8 mm. 
(Girard}. 

Prince Island, que S. Joao at an elevation of 200 meters, 
(F. Newton). 

Opeas crossei GIRARD, Jornal Sci. Math. Phys. e Nat. Acad. 
Real Sci. Lisboa iii, 1893, p. 105, pi. 1, f. 13. 

Differs from Opeas pauper in shape and ornamentation. 
The small number of whorls, deep sutures and ornamentation 
cause me to refer this species to Pseudopeas, in the belief 
that Girard overlooked the extremely minute sculpture of 
the protoeonch. 

2. P. SAXATILE (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 

"Shell perforate, turrited, finely costulate-striate, opaque, 
a little shining, covered with a brownish-green epidermis. 
Whorls 7, a trifle convex, the last slightly exceeding one-third 


116 PSEUDOPEAS. 

of the entire length of the shell ; columella slightly receding. 
Aperture oblong-oval. Peristome simple, thin, columellar 
margin dilated. Length 7 to 9, diam. 2 to 2.5 mm. ' ' (Morelet) . 

West Africa: near Landana. 

Stenogyra saxatilis MORELET Journ. de Conch. Jan., 1885, 
p. 27, pi. 2, f. 1. 

"This little shell, together with the following, belongs to 
the group Opeas characterized by an umbilical perforation and 
by a weak reflection of the columellar border. The species is 
formed of 7% moderately convex whorls, united by a quite 
deep suture ; the last whorl, relatively longer than the others, 
is plainly perforated. The somewhat oblique columellar bor- 
der is weakly dilated throughout its extent, but particularly 
at its point of insertion, where it is reflected over the umbili- 
cal perforation. The shell, of a greenish-brown, deeper at 
the base, is opaque, slightly shining, covered with a fine and 
irregular costulation, less pronounced on the last whorl of 
the shell" (Morelet). 

A small specimen received from Morelet, 6 mm. long with 
6 whorls, is figured. The color and epidermis mentioned by 
Morelet, are less obvious than he would lead us to expect. 
Three large eggs show through the penult, whorl. The first 
1% whorls appear smooth, but under the compound micro- 
scope they are seen to be densely and very beautifully en- 
graved spirally. 

3. P. PLEBEIUM (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. 

"Shell narrowly perforate, ovately oblong, apex acute, thin, 
opaque, slightly shining, under the lens arcuately striolate, 
brownish-green. Whorls 6, a little convex, the first three 
smooth, the last enlarged, equal to three-sevenths of the- en- 
tire length of the shell. Aperture oblong, with simple mar- 
gins, columella straight, narrowly dilated, reflexed. Length 
5 to 7, diam. 2.5 to 3 mm." (Morelet). 

West Africa: near Landana. 

Stenogyra plebeia, MORELET Journ. de Conch. 1885, Jan., 
p. 27, pi. 2, f. 2. 

The shell, of the same nature and color as saxatilis, is also 


PSEUDOPEAS. 117 

ornamented with, a fine and superficial costulation inter- 
mingled with simple striae ; but it has a whorl and a half less, 
the last, by its development, approaches more to a bulimoid 
form. These differences, which seem sufficient to justify a 
separation, are accompanied by other modifications of detail ; 
the columella is less dilated, the aperture is larger and the 
points -of insertion of the peris-tome are much more remote. 
This last character is very apparent." (Morelet). 

A specimen not quite full grown, of 5 whorls, is figured. 
The apical whorl is very finely and densely engraved spirally, 
though this sculpture is visible only under the compound 
microscope. 

4. P. EGENS (d'Ailly). 

Shell minutely perforated, turrited, densely arcuately pli- 
cate-striate, pale corneous, thin, diaphanous, with a waxen 
luster. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, the 
embryonic ones a little convex, seen under a lens to be very 
minutely and densely striate spirally; the following whorls 
flattened, more or less terraced, regularly increasing, separ- 
ated by an impressed suture, under the lens seen to be deli- 
cately crenulate and indistinctly margined; last whorl two- 
fifths the length, angular or terraced at the suture and com- 
pressed around the perforation. Aperture oblong, vertical, 
peristome simple, the margins joined by a very delicate cal- 
lus, the right margin arching forward, unexpanded, colu- 
mellar margin with a long reflection; columella subvertical, 
generally bending a little towards the left. Length 5 to 6, 
diarn. 1.5 to 2 mm. (d'Ailly). 

Kamerun: Kitta (Sjostedt). 

Opeas egens d'AiLLY, Moll. terr. et d'eau douce de Kam- 
eroun, in Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xxii, p. 
113 (1896). 

The spiral sculpture of the protoconch ''is of extreme fine- 
ness, and may be seen distinctly only under a strong lens in 
a favorable light. Almost all of our examples contain per- 
fectly spherical eggs arranged in a single series in the oviduct, 
visible by transparence through the shell." 


118 PSEUDOPEAS. 

This species differs from the others by its flattened whorls, 
terraced at the sutures. 

5. P. PULCHELLUM Putzeys. PL 25, fig. 13. 

"Shell imperf orate, ovate-turrite, thin, yellow, diaphanous, 
with obtuse submamillafte apex. Whorls S 1 /^, convex, the first 
two smooth, the rest ornamented with raised, sublamellose, 
slightly oblique ribs, and parted by a deep suture, the last 
whorl a little swollen. Aperture oval; columella straight, 
reflexed, nearly reaching the base, and forming an angle with 
the lip anteriorly; margins joined posteriorly by a very thin 
callus. Length 3.5, diam. 1.6, length of aperture 1.33 mm." 
(Putz.). 

Congo Valley: Nseudwe, Manyema. 

Pseudopeas pulchellum PUTZ., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. 
Belgique xxxiv, 1899, Bull, des seances p. lix, fig. 11. 

Although Dr. Putzeys states that the first two whorls are 
smooth in this species and the next, I do not doubt that when 
seen under a high power they will be found to be 
spirally engraved. 

6. P. SCALARIFORME Putzeys. PL 25, figs. 9, 10. 

"Shell imperf orate, turriculate, elongate, thin, yellowish, 
the apex obtuse. "Whorls 6y 2 , convex, quite regularly increas- 
ing and joined by a deep suture, the first two whorls smooth, 
the rest ornamented with many longitudinal lamellar riblets. 
Aperture oval, the lip acute; columella twisted, subplicate, 
columellar margin reflexed, continuous with the anterior lip- 
margin. Length 4.5, diam. 1.7, length of aperture 1.5 mm." 
(Putz.). 

Congo Valley: Nseudwe, Manyema. 

Pseudopeas scalariforme PUTZ., t. c., p. lix, f. 12, 13. 

7. P. ISSELI (Jickeli). PL 25, fig. 11, 12. 

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, rather glossy, whitish, glassy- 
fliaphanous, under the lens seen to be strongly ribbed length- 
wise, the upper whorls ornamented with spiral strise. Spire 
long-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls scarcely 5, inflated, 


PSEUDOPEAS. 119 

separated by a deep and somewhat oblique suture, the last 
whorl long, nearly half the total length. Aperture vertical, 
oblong, acuminate above ; peristome thin, simple and acute ; 
colurnellar margin straight, a little reflexed and thickened. 
Length 2.75, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.5 x 1 mm. (Jick.) . 

Abyssinia: Bogu Valley, Bogos (Beccari). 

Subulina isseli JICK., Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser- 
Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrikas, in Nova Acta K. Leop-Carol. 
Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, xxxvii, 1874, p. 138, pi. 
5, f. 22. Beccaria isseli BGT., Malac. Abyss., in Ann. Sci. 
Nat. xv, 1883, p. 119. 

Described from a single specimen thought by Jickeli to be 
not full grown. 

8. P. PUSILLUM (Morelet). PI. 25, figs. 14, 15, 16. 

"Shell very small, rimate, turrited, rather thin, whitish 
horn-color, shining, minutely costulate, apex somewhat obtuse. 
Whorls 51/2, plano-convex, joined by a moderately impressed 
suture, a little terraced, the last nearly equal to one-third of 
the entire length of the shell. Aperture oval; peristome 
simple, acute, columellar margin descending vertically, 
shortly reflexed as far as the base. Length 3, diam l 1 /^ mm. ' ' 
(Morelet). 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Mane). 

Stenogyra pusilla MORELET, Journ. de Conch. July, 1881, 
p. 220, pi. 10, f. 4. Not Achatina pusilla Pfr., nor Bulimulus 
(Ena) pusilla Ad. 

"This shell, of which I have two fully adult specimens be- 
fore me, is doubtless the smallest species of the genus. Its 
minute size is sufficient, in the absence of all description, to 
make it recognizable. The five whorls 'of w r hich the spire is 
composed are plainly separated and even a little turriculate ; 
the first two are smooth, the remaining finely costulate. The 
columella is straight but truncate." (Morelet). 

Figured from specimens received from Marie. The con- 
spicuously ribbed surface and diminutive size distinguish it 
from other species of the Comoros. The protoconch has 
sparse, almost subobsolete spiral striae. 


120 PSEUDOPEAS. 

Subgenus EREMOPEAS Pilsbry. 

9. P. INTERIORIS (Tate). PI. 25, figs. 17, 18. 

"Shell cylindrical, spire very long and tapering to an ob- 
tuse apex; very thin, shining, greenish-white or pale yellow- 
ish ; ornamented with slender, crowded, slightly arcuate axial 
riblets, approximately as wide as the interspaces. Whorls 
nine, almost flat, but abruptly descending to the deeply im- 
pressed suture. Aperture elongate-oval; peristome simple, 
acute ; columellar margin nearly straight, thinly and narrowly 
reflected, and almost concealing a minute umbilical fissure. 
Length 10.5, diam. about 2.25 mm," (I* ate). 

Central Australia: extending east and west from Hart's 
Range to Stokes' Pass, and north and south from the north 
and outer flanks of McDonnell Range to Ilpilla Gorge (Tate). 

Stenogyra interioris TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aus- 
tralia xviii, 1894, p. 191 ; Report Horn Exped. to Central 
Australia, pi. 2, Zoology, p. 203, pi. 18, f. 14, 1896. 

With the exception of Pseudopeas tuckeri of the tropical 
Queensland coast, this is the only Opeas-like snail of Australia. 
Hedley has referred it to 0. gracile, but without, I think, 
sufficient consideration. The shells I opened contained ob- 
long embryonic shells of about 2!/o whorls, arranged in a 
single series like the eggs of Opeas. This acceleration is prob- 
ably an adaptation to conditions of excessive aridity, unfav- 
orable to the development of young from eggs. 

The sculpture of the protoconch (pi. 25, fig. 18) has not 
been noticed hitherto. There are low weakly tuberculate 
spiral threads, which cease at the conclusion of the nepionic 
Btage. My specimens were received from Professor Tate, and 
are part of the original lot. 

10. P. TUCKERI (Pfeiffer) . PL 22, figs. 7, 8 ; pi. 24, figs. 27, 28. 
Shell perforate, cylindric-subulate, thin, longitudinally dis- 
tinctly, striate, rather glossy, waxen. Spire long, the apex 
rather acute ; whorls 9, a little convex, the last scarcely one- 
fourth the total length. Columella obliquely receding. Aper- 
ture oval-oblong; peristome simple, acute, the columellar mar- 


PSEUDOPEAS. 1 21 

gin dilated above. Length 9, diam. 2.75, aperture 2x1.25 
mm. (P/V.). 

Sir Charles Hardy's Island, on the northeast coast of 
Queensland (Tucker, type locality) ; also Fitzroy, Sunday 
and Lizard Islands (Macgillivray), and other islands within 
the Great Barrier reef and Torres Straits; mainland of 
Queensland; Prony Bay, New Caledonia. 

Bulimus tuckeri PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 30; Monogr., ii, p. 
158 ; viii, 138. REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 68, f . 481. FORBES, 
Voy. H. M. S. Rattlesnake, ii, p. 372 (N. E. coast Australia) . 
-Cox, Monogr., Austr. Land Shells, p. 69, pi. 13, f. 9 (Bris- 
bane to Cape York, Queensland ; Clarence Heads, N. S. Wales ; 
introduced at Sydney) . PETTERD, Journ. de Conch., 1877, p. 
361 (Emigrant Creek, sources of Tweed River and southern 
Queensland). BRAZIER, Quart. Journ. of Conch., i, p. 272 
(Is. of Torres Sts.). Stenogyra tuckeri TATE, Rep. Horn 
Exped., Zool., p. 203 (Port Darwin). 

The shell tapers straightly to the obtuse summit. The 
whorls are very convex just below the suture, and are sculp- 
tured with very fine but distinct, almost thread-like striae, 
which are almost vertical, but a little curved forward. The 
first 1% whorls have only very faint spiral lines, less distinct 
than in P. interioris, but of the same nature. The suture in 
well-sculptured shells is irregularly crenate by reason of small 
denticles formed by the coalescence of groups of striae; but 
this appearance is often hardly noticeable, and some shells 
seem to have an even suture. Instead of the usual round 
white eggs, sexually mature shells contain minute, subglob- 
ular young shells. Specimens measure as follows : 

Length 8.2, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.3 mm., whorls 71/2- 

Length 7.3, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 6%. 

Length 7.6, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 7%. 

While P. tuckeri is evidently related to P. interioris, yet it 
certainly differs by the wider contour, larger mouth and 
fewer whorls in specimens of the same length. The sculpture 
of P. interioris is coarser. P. tuckeri has been confused by 
all recent authors with the Polynesian Opeas junceum, a 
species which I think differs generically. 


122 OPEAS. 

Whether the form reported as introduced at Sydney is cor- 
rectly identified as P. tuckeri I do not know; but it is more 
likely to be Opeas gracile, 0. javanicum, or some of their 
errant brothers. 

Genus OPEAS Albers, 1850. 

Opeas Alb., Die Hel., p. 175, first species B. subula Pfr. 
HEKMANNSEN, Indicis Generum Malac., Suppl., p. 96, Dec., 
1852, B. subula, Pfr. mentioned as type. CROSSE ET FISCHER, 
Miss. Scient. Mex., Moll., i, p. 592; same type. MARTENS, 
Die Hel., edit. 2, 1860, p. 265 (Stenogyra goodalli selected as 
type). 

The shell is small, thin, turrite, usually perforate, with 
large, obtuse, rounded apex and convex or flattened whorls, 
corneous or yellowish. Embryonic whorls smooth. Aperture 
small, ovate, the outer lip thin, usually arched forward, colu- 
mella straight or concave, not sinuous, the columellar lip re- 
flexed, curving into the basal lip and not toothed or truncate 
below. Oviparous, the egg-capsules large and spheroidal. 
Type 0. subula Pfr. (0. gracile Hutt.). 

Opeas contains small, thin, oviparous Stenogyrine snails 
with the apex large, obtuse, rounded and smooth, and the 
columellar margin reflexed, rounded below, or at least not 
distinctly truncate. The species are spread throughout tropi- 
cal and subtropical regions, but as yet none is known from 
Australia. A few species colonize freely, and have spread 
wherever commerce reaches in suitable climates. Others, re- 
stricted to special stations not to be found in cultivated areas, 
are as local as most other land snails. Owing to the similar- 
ity of the shells, their determination is difficult, and demands 
the greatest application. 

Opeas stands very close to the groups Prosopeas and 
Curvella. The former differs by merely such minor features 
as the rougher, often minutely lamellose sculpture, the greater 
size and flatter whorls, but these give the shell a rather differ- 
ent aspect. Curvella in its typical forms differs by the short 
and Bulimoid shape; but some of the species are arbitrarily 
referred to one or the other genus. The distinction between 


OPEAS. 123 

Opeas and Curvella is 'by no means convincing ; yet even small 
differences have significance which, may usefully be recog- 
nized in dealing with large groups of similar species. 

Opeas and SubuUna begin to reproduce before the shell has 
attained its full size, usually when it is about two-thirds 
grown. 

Dimorphism. In many species two forms co-exist in the 
same colony, a more slender and a stouter ; all other features 
remaining the same. Intermediate contours usually occur if 
a large gathering is at hand. See plate 16, figs. 89, 90. This 
dimorphism must be kept in mind, especially when dealing 
with small sets. 

The species are here separated geographically into (A) 
Old World and (B) American species. 

(A) OLD WORLD SPECIES. 

Excepting a few forms spread by commerce or other means, 
the Old and New World species are distinct. Most of the 
Eastern forms belong to typical Opeas. 

Several minor groups are indicated by slight conchologic 
features. In one group which may be called Tomopcas, n. 
sect., the columella is calloused below and subtruncate. Type 
0. layardi (pi. 16, fig. 83) ; also 0. avenaceum, 0. soror, 
0. brevior. 

In another group which I term Comoropeas, n. sect., the 
shell is wholly imperforate, covered with a colored cuticle; 
first whorl rounded, the rest rather flattened, the first two 
smooth. Type 0. apiculum Morel. ; 0. longulum also belongs 
here. These forms may not belong to the genus Opeas ; they 
seem related rather to the Trichodinas of the Comoros (see 
vol. XVII, p. 188) ; yet they have not trochoidal apices like 
that group, but an obtuse, rounded summit, much as in Opeas. 

Another series may eventually be transferred to Prosopeas, 
including the species javanicum, pilosum, pruinosum, kus- 
aiense and fagoti, characterized by the densely striate and 
briefly lamellose surface. 

A single species, 0. carinatum, no. 38, is described as with 


124 OPEAS. 

the last whorl car-mate. All other forms have the whorls 
rounded. 

The species are grouped geographically, thus: 
I. Generally distributed, colonizing species, no. 1 to 4. 
II. "West African, no. 5 to 14. 

III. East African, no. 15 to 21. 

IV. South African, no. 22 to 26. 

V. Species of the Comoro, Mascarene and other East 

African islands, no. 27 to 34. 
VI. Species of Southeastern Asia, Ceylon to Tonkin, no. 

35 to 43. 

VII. Chinese species, no. 44 to 68. 
VIII. Japanese Empire, no. 69 to 71. 
IX. East Indian species, Nicobar Is. to New Caledonia, 

no. 72 to 80. 

X. Philippine and Caroline species, no. 81 to 90. 
XI. Polynesian and Micronesian species, no. 91 to 93. 
(Australian species, see Pseudopeas) . 

I. Generally distributed species. 

Several species of Opeas in each hemisphere have been en- 
abled, by their hardiness and adaptability to life in culti- 
vated areas, to colonize over a large part of the tropical and 
subtropical zones. There cannot be much doubt that the car- 
riage of living plants from place to place has been a chief fac- 
tor in the dispersal of Opeas, and of Subulina, octona, Val- 
lonia, Agrolimax Itzvis and other snails as well. The habits 
of these forms are such that they find practically the same 
environment anywhere in zones of similar temperature, and 
their spread from new centers is often very rapid. Opeas 
gracile is probably the most widely distributed land snail in. 
the world. 

Three American s'pecies have been introduced into the Old 
World: 0. goodalli Mill., frequently found in English hot- 
houses, and acclimated in Rodriguez, the Cape Verde and 
Hawaiian Islands, and 0. siviftianum Pfr. and micra Orb. in 
Mauritius, where they were taken by Nevill. 

In some islands the whole Stenogyrine fauna has apparently 


OPEAS GRACILB. 125 

been introduced by commerce. I believe this to be the case 
in the Mascarene and Hawaiian groups, where the following 
species have been found: 

Mauritius. Hawaiian Is. 

0. gracile. 0. oparanum. 

0. 'davulinum. 0. clavulinum hawaiense. 

* 

O. mauritianum. 0. inauritianum. 

0. javanicum. 0. javanicum. 

0. swiftianum. 0. opella. 

0. micra. 0. goodalli. 

At least four species of the above lists may be expected to 
occur anywhere in the warm zone. The failure to recognize 
this has resulted in numerous synonyms. 

1. 0. GRACILE (Hutton). PI. 18, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. 

"Shell transparent, thin and pale-colored or rather color- 
less; spire gradually tapering; whorls 12, body-whorl equal 
to the two preceding ones. Aperture longer than broad, 
semi-ovate; pillar-lip straight and slightly reflected; right 
lip edged. Length 6y 2 lines. I have only one of this 
length, the generality being about 5 lines. It has also 12 
whorls while the others have about 9 or 10 " (Button} . 

India, type locality Mirzapur, Ceylon and the East Indies, 
China, Formosa and Japan, etc. ; Mascarene Islands ; 
Polynesia. 

Bulimus gracilis HUTTON, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal iii, 
1834, p. 93 and p. 84 (no. 5, Bulimus ?) . REEVE, Conch. 
Icon. pi. 69, f. 495. PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 79, pi. 21, f. 18, 
19; Monogr. ii, 157; iii, 399; iv, 458; vi, 96. HANLEY & 
THEOB., Conch. Ind. pi. 23, f. 4. Stenogyra gracilis Hutt., 
MARTENS, Ostas. Landschn. p. 83, 375, pi. 22, f . 13 ; pi. 19, f . 5 
(Bangkok; Ganges valley, India; Poiute de Galle, Ceylon; 
Pulo Pinang, near Malacca; Sumatra; Java, Borneo, Celebes, 
Timor, Adenare and Solor; Amboina, Burn, Ceram, Banda- 
Neira). NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus. i, p. 164 (Assam; 
many localities in British India and Ceylon; Andaman Is.; 
Singapore ; Sarawak ; Jalk, Persia) . BLANFORD, Obs. on 


126 OPEAS GRACILE. 

i 

Geol. and Zool. of Abyssinia, 1870, p. 476 (Adabagi, Tigre, 
identification not positive) .-- CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 

1874, p. 229 (Rodriguez) G. NEVILL, J. A. S. Bengal, xlvi, 
pi. 2, p. 25, 1877 (Tsagain and Bhamo, Yunnan exped.). 
CROSSE & FISCHER in Grandidier, Moll. Madagascar, pi. 24, 
f. 1.-- MARTENS, Landschneckeii des Indischen Archipels, 
in Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. einer Reise in Niederlandich 
Ost-Asien, ii, p. 243, 1891 (Sumatra & Celebes). TAPPERONE 
CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xix, p. 88 (Aru Is.) ; xx, p. 
144 (Amboina). BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1890, p. 89 (Nossi-Be, 
Hongkong, Canton, Macau, Hainan, Barma, Bombay; Len- 
koran on the Caspian Sea, dead and accidentally introduced). 

Opeas gracile (Hutt.) BOETTGER, Bericht Senckenbergische 
naturforscli. Gesell., Frankfurt, 1891, p 272 (Moluccas: 
Amboina, Haruku, Saparua, Buru; also Banda Neira, Banda 
Is., Adenare and Flores) ; Land fauna der Marschall-Inseln, 
in Zool. Jahrb., abth. f. Syst. Geogr. u. Biol. Thiere, xx, p. 
410, 1904 (Nauru, Marshall Is.; also Art I., Mindanao, Cebu, 
Luzon, Paragua). SCHMACKER & BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1891, 
p. 178 (Formosa). MLLDFF., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 337 (Bukit 
Pondong, Hungerford) ; Nachrbl. 1892, p. 99 (Tenimber 
Is.) ; P. Z. S. 1894, p. 151 (Sarnui Is.) ; Journ. of Malac. vii, 
1900, p. 113 (Yap & Ponape Caroline Is.) ; Nachrbl. 1900, 
p. 134 (Touranne). GOODWIN- AUSTEN, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443 
(Andaman Is.). BLANFORD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. V, p. 
280, 1903 (Lampun, Siam). Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 
1881, p. 201 (Nossi-be, Nossi-Comba) . FISCHER & DAUT- 
ZENB., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, Zool., p. 411 (Haiphong, 
etc.). Mt Soutem near Chieng Mai (Pavie; Morlet) J. de 
C. 1891, p. 232; Obi (Dautzenb., J. de C. 1903, 14).- 
Opeas gracilis Alb. var. Op. ccgyptiaca, Bourg., JOUSSEAUME, 
Bull. Soc. Malac. France vii, p. 101, pi. 3, f. 4-6 (Suez, 
Egypt) . E. A. SMITH, The Fauna and Geography of the 
Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes i, pt. 2, p. 143 (Maldive 
and Laccadive Is.). JOUSSEAUME, Bull. Soc. Malac. France 
vi, 1889, p. 358 (Aden, Djeddah, Suez). Limicolaria bour- 
guignati PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva iii, 1872, p. 18, 
pi. 1, f. 13, 14 (Aden). Cf. Blanford, J. A. S. Bengal, 

1875, and BGT., Moll. Afric. Equat, p. 91, footnote. 


OPEAS GRACILE. 127 

Bulimus indicus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 40; Monogr. ii, p. 
135 (East Indies). -- Opeas indicus Pfr., DAUTZENBERG, 
Journ. de Conch, liii, Dec. 1905, p. 102 (Tonkin). Bulimus 
cereus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus no. 501, pi. 17 
Achatina, f. 81, July, 1849. (Moradabad, India). Bulimus 
apex MOUSSON, Land und Siisswasser Moll. Java p. 35, pi. 4, 
f. 5 (Java). 

Bulimus subula CROSSE & FISCHER, Journ. de Conch. 1863, 
p. 361, pi. 14, f. 6 (Saigon, and Fuyen-Moth, Cochin China). 

-" Opeas subulata Pfr.," Hungerford in coll., teste Garrett 
(Hong-Kong). Opeas subula Pfr., MLLDFF., Annuaire Mus. 
Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, VI, 1901, p. 390 (Tapa 
on the Tung river; between Shuang-liu and Hsin-dshing, 
Sytshuan, China). SMITH, monograph of Christmas Island 
p. 57, 1900 (Christmas I., Ind. 0.). 

? Bulimus decorticatus REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80, f. 
592 (Macao, China) ; Cf. p. 34. 

Helix clavulus QUOY et GAIMARD, Voy. de 1 'Astrolabe, Zool. 
ii, p. 133, pi. 11, f. 30-33 (He de France). 

M. Dautzenberg states that Hutton described this species 
without specific name in 1834; but Hutton on p. 93 of his 
paper gives a table of the names, expressly indicating those 
he had named. 

This species, including 0. subula which I agree with Boett- 
ger is not separable from gracile, has a wide range in the 
tropics of both hemispheres. In the Old World it is especi- 
ally characteristic of the Oriental Region of Wallace, but 
passes beyond into Polynesia, and in the northeast reaches 
to Japan, which has an Oriental land-snail fauna. West- 
ward it reaches Aden, probably Abyssinia, British East 
Africa and the Mascarene Is. 

It is perforate, slender, ' and regularly, straightly taper- 
ing to the small, obtuse apex, pale-yellowish corneous, with- 
out much gloss. The moderately and regularly convex 
whorls are very distinctly, arcuately striate. The suture is 
usually a trifle irregular, and often quite distinctly crenu- 
late, and the surface below it is more or less distinctly puck- 
ered. The aperture is long, rhombic-ovate, and the columel- 


128 OPEAS GRACILE. 

lar margin is widely reflexed. Two specimens from Ahmed- 
nuggur measure: 

Length 12, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.8 mm., whorls 8y 2 . 

Length 13, diam. 3.1, aperture 3.7 mm., whorls 9. 

These shells (pi. 18, figs. 3-5) illustrate the slender and 
stouter phases of the species, usually to be found in any 
large lot from one place. 

The series before me from Mauritius, Ceylon, India, China, 
the Philippines, etc., shows but little variation except in size. 

Specimens from Okinawa, Ryukyu, have slightly more 
convex whorls, the striation is a trifle weaker and they are 
more glossy (pi. 18, fig. 6), the one figured measuring 12.8 
x 3.5 mm., with 8% whorls. Further north 0. gracile has 
been found by Mr. Hirase in Kyushu, Hondo and even as far 
as Kayabe, Ojima, in the island of Yesso further north 
than any other species of the genus. A shell from this place 
measures 11.3 x 3 mm., with 9 whorls. It has been found 
by Mr. Hirase 's collector on Kita-iwojima, one of the Sulphur 
group, near the Bonin Islands, and on Hahajima, Ogasa- 
wara (Bonin Is.) ; the form occurring there (pi. 22, fig. 10) 
being small, 8 mm. long, with 7 whorls, the suture subtly 
crenulate in places. It is thin and delicate, as might be ex- 
pected on volcanic soil. 

The Chinese Bui. fortunei Pfr. and "B. scalaris Desh." 
have been considered synomyms of 0. subula Pfr. by Gredler. 
The former is placed in the synomyms of Bui. decorticatus 
Reeve by von Martens. I have not the material for decid- 
ing this question. See page 34. Bulimus cereus Reeve (pi. 
18, fig. 7) was based on an Indian specimen of gracile. 

The following form from the Nicobar Islands is apparently 
synonymous. "Opeas apex Mouss., var. nicoltarica. Shell 
narrowly turrited, waxen outside, white within, with 71/2 
quite convex whorls, the first two smooth, yellow, the rest 
irregular, costulate-striate, the riblets obsoletely sigmoid, es- 
pecially on the last whorl, and with very obsolete spiral lines, 
stronger on the base. Suture deep, subcrenate, more dis- 
tinctly so in the middle whorls. Aperture subelliptical, some- 
what narrow anteriorly, inner lip reflexed, with a very obso- 


OPEAS GRACILE. 129 

lete fold in the middle; rimation punctiform. Length 9, 
diam. 2.5, aperture 2.5 mm. long" (Moerch, Journ. de 
Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 313). 

Nicobar Is. : Nancouri, one specimen under the bark of a 
tree (Kjellerup). 

"Opeas apex of Java differs by its thicker epidermis, its 
wider columella pnd less narrow umbilicus." A small form 
found with the type is less narrow, the suture more strongly 
crenulate in the middle, aperture shorter and rounded, not 
narrowed, in front; length 8, diam. 1.5 to 2.66 mm. 

In Mauritius (pi. 23, fig. 23) the shells do not reach so 
large a size as in Ceylon, etc., but are otherwise practically 
typical. A series collected by Sir Charles Eliot at Takaungu, 
on the coast of British East Africa in lat. 3 42' south (pi. 
23, figs. 24, 25) also fall short of the maximum size, the two 
figured measuring 10 x 3 and 8 x 2.6 mm., both with 7*4 
whorls, the suture crenulate in the upper half of the shell's 
length. 

New Caledonian form. The original description and fig- 
ures of 0. souverbianum (pi. 24, fig. 31) and of 0. artense 
(pi. 24, fig. 32) are given below. These seem to me to per- 
tain to the more obese and more slender phases respectively 
of one and the same species, which I am unable to distin- 
guish from 0. gracile. E. L. Layard, of Noumea, the well- 
known collector of New Caledonian shells, "maintained that 
there was no difference between S. souverbiei, S. artensis, 
8. tuckeri and the Ceylon species," the latter being 0. gracile 
(P. Z. S. 1888, p. 358). The specimens before me from 
Noumea, Art Island and He Casy, received from G. Dupuy 
and E. Marie, support the reference to 0. gracile. They are 
however a small form, not reaching the dimensions of typical 
0. gracile. Shells from Noumea (pi. 24, figs. 40, 41, slender 
phase) measure 8.8x2.8 and 8.8x2.2 mm., with 73,4 and 8 
whorls. The stride are stronger below the somewhat crenu- 
late suture, as usual. 

B. souverbianus Gassies. (PL 24, fig. 31). "Shell tur- 
binate, elongate, not umbilicate, pellucid-buff, fragile, di- 
aphanous, longitudinally delicately striate ; whorls 7, regularly 


130 OPEAS GRACILE. 

increasing, the last half the total length ; suture deep. Aper- 
ture ovate-elongate; columella slightly 'calloused, peristome 
simple. Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm. (Gass.). 

New Caledonia: Art Island (Montrouzier). 

Bulimus diaphanus GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. vii, 1859, 
p. 370; not of Pfr. 1854. Bulimus 'souverbianus GASS., 
Faune Conch. Nouvelle-Caledonie i, p. 52, pi. 2, <f. 5 (1863). 
PFR., Monogr. vi, 98. Opeas s., CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, 
p. 299, 

B. artensis Gass. (pi. 24, fig. 32). Shell imperforate, 
turbinate, rather lengthened, pale corneous, thin, diapha- 
nous, glossy, longitudinally delicately striate. Whorls 7 to 8, 
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last forming one- 
third the total length; suture deep, apex rather obtuse. 
Aperture ovate-elongate, columella arcuate, slightly cal- 
loused; peristome simple, acute. Length 9, diam. 2 mm. 
( Gass. ) . 

Art Island, New Caledonia. 

Bulimus artensis GASS., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 50; 
Faune N.-Caled. ii, p. 94, pi. 3, f. 9. PFR., Monogr. vi, 98- 
Opeas artense CROSSE, J. de C. 1894, p. 300. 

Var. neocaledonicum nov. (PL 24, fig. 29.) A narrow, 
slowly-tapering and attenuate-spired form perhaps refer- 
able to 0. gracile as a variety, is before me from New Cale- 
donia (Marie). This slender form differs from 0. gracile 
by its shorter aperture and obliquely drawn-out whorls. The 
suture is narrowly margined, not crenulate; the striation is 
fine and delicate, the whorls long, the last two rather flat- 
tened. The specimen figured measures 7.9 mm. long, 2 wide, 
with fully 7 whorls. This will probably prove to be a dis- 
tinct species. There are several narrow species, which need 
comparison, in the East Indies arid China. 0. pyrgula of 
Japan has a stronger sculpture. 

Polynesian forms of 0. gracile. In Polynesia I have seen 
forms of 0. gracile from the Viti, Samoan and Society groups, 
and from Washington (or New York) island. It has been 


OPEAS GRACILE. 131 

reported from Funafuti, the Marshall and the Caroline 
Islands. 

The shells before me are all smaller than typical gracile. 
In most of them the suture is finely but distinctly denticu- 
late in places, chiefly in the upper half of the shell. I have 
figured a shell from Tahiti, pi. 22, fig. 4, nine mm. long with 
over 7 whorls and nearly smooth suture, and a more slender 
Samoan shell, pi. 22, fig. 11, received from Schmeltz as 
"upolensis Mouss. " It is 8.8 mm. long, with 7% whorls. 

Bulimus junceus Old. was based upon the small Polynesian 
race of gracile. The description follows, with a 'copy of 
the original figure. 

B. junceus Old. (pi. 22, fig. 6). "Shell small, thin, trans- 
lucid, elongated, turreted, of a pale green color, obtuse at 
apex, covered with delicate longitudinal strise. Whorls seven, 
slightly convex, presenting a broad shoulder above. Aper- 
ture long ovate : lip simple, on the left slightly reflected over 
a minute umbilical chink : the last whorl a-bout one-third the 
length of the whole shell. Length of axis three-tenths of an 
inch ; breadth one-tenth of an inch ( Gould) . 

"Inhabits Tahiti and Eimeo. This shell very closely re- 
sembles a West Indian species, and is, perhaps, the same, and 
may be a denizen of the cocoanut or banana, wherever found. 
B. bacterionides agrees in form, but this is not 'smoother than 
octona,' and has not nine whorls." (Gould.) 

Bulimus junceus Gld., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Dec. 1846, p. 
191; Expedition shells p. 32; Moll. U. S. Exploring Exped. 
p. 76, pi. 6, f. 87. PFR., Monogr. ii, 220; viii, 138. Steno- 
gyra juncea Gld. BINNEY Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 100, 
(teeth of Huahine specimen). Opeas junceum Gld., MAR- 
TENS, Sitzungsbr. Nat. Freunde 1898, p. 156 (Cocos I.). 
BOETTGER, Bericht Senck. Ges. 1891, p. 272 (Moluccas, 
Hainan, etc.) Opeas juncea- Gld. var., GREDLER, Malak. Bl. 
(n. F.) ix, p. 142 (Macao I.). SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 
xx, 1897, p. 521 (Botuma). -- Stenogyra gracilis Hutton, 
HEDLEY, Mem. Austr. Mus. iii, 1899, p. 488 (Funafuti). 

Var. PANAYENSE (Pfr.). (PI. 18, figs. 1, 2.) Shell imper- 


132 OPEAS GRACILE. 

forate, subulate, thin, smooth, pellucid, waxen, hyaline. 
Spire elongate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, wide, a trine con- 
vex, the last scarcely one-fourth the total length; columella 
short, rather straightened. Aperture oval-oblong, the base 
subangulate; peristonie simple, unexpanded, the columellar 
margin shortly renexed, appressed. Length 11, diam. 2.5, 
aperture 2.5x1.33 mm. (Pfr.). 

Philippines: Dingle on the island Panay (Cuming, type 
locality) ; see next paragraph for further localities. 

Blimus panayensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 33. REEVE, 
Conch. Icon, v, pi. 14, f. 76. 

Stenogyra panayensis Pfr., MARTENS Ostas. Zool. p. 83, 
376, pi. 22, f. 8 (Siam, Timor, Ternate) ; Webers Zool. Ergeb- 
nisse Reise in Niederl. Ost-Indien, ii, p. 243 (Maumeri, 
Flores) ; Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Dec. 1896, 
p. 163 (Lombok). HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch. 1888, p. 34 
(Philippines). SEMPER, Reisen, p. 137, pi. 8, f. 15, pi. 11, 
f. 17, 21 (Philippine Is.; living animal, genitalia and teeth). 
TAPPERONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova xix, 1883, p. 
87 (Aru Is.); xx, p. 144 (Amboina). Opeas panayensis 
Pfr. FISCH. & DAUTZ., Mission Pavie Indo-Chine, iii, p. 411 
(Siam, Tonkin, Saigon). 

As originally described, this form would seem to differ 
from 0. gracile by the imperf orate axis, more slender shape 
and smooth surface. The above description and figure 2 
apply to this type form, which subsequent investigators do 
not seem to have found. 

Prof, von Martens identified as panayensis a perforate 
shell with striate whorls, typically more slender than 
0. gracile, but believed by competent recent authorities, von 
Moellendorff for instance, to intergrade with gracile, of 
which it would be considered a synonym. Von Marten's fig- 
ure is copied, pi. 18, fig. 1. All but the first two references 
given above seem to pertain to this Martensian panayensis, 
which, if rightly identified by various authors, has a general 
distribution from Indo-China to the Moluccas and Aru Is. 


OPEAS MAURITIANUM. 133 

2. 0. MAURITIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 17, figs. 92 to 96. 

"Shell subperforate, somewhat eylindrically turrited, 
rather thin, striated (some of the lines more elevated), diaph- 
anous, waxen; spire elongated, somewhat acute; whorls 7, 
a little <xmvex, the last almost equal to one-third of the 
length of the shell, slightly tapering towards the base ; colu- 
mella rather straightened. Aperture vertical, oblong-ovate, 
peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin evenly arcu- 
ate, columellar margin very narrowly reflexed to the base. 
Length 9, diam. 3, length of aperture 3, breadth ~Ly 2 mm." 

(Pfr.) 

Island of Mauritius (Pfr.) ; Petit Sable, Mauritius 
(Mobius) . 

Bulimus mauritianus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xx. 
p. 150, (1852) ; Conch. Cab. (Bulimus) p. 86, pi. 30, f. 15, 16; 
Monogr. iii, 1853, p. 402; iv, p. 462; vi, 100. f Subulina 
mauritiana Pfr., NEVILL Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 
64 (Mahe and Silhouette, Seychelles). Stenogyra (Opens') 
mauritiana Pfr., MARTENS in Mobius, Beitr. zur Meeresfauna 
der. Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Reise nach Mauri- 
tius 1874-75, p. 199. ? Stenogyra (Opeas) clavulinus P. & 
M., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. 39, pt. 2, 1870, 
p. 409 (Bourbon). 

Pfeiffer 's description and figure (pi. 17, fig. 96) were from 
an immature shell. When full grown (pi. 17, figs. 92-94, 
Mauritius) there are fully 8 whorls. It is very glossy, only 
weakly striate, and the spire has distinctly convex outlines, 
being wide above, with the subcylindric contour Pfeiffer men- 
tions. This characteristic shape is much less noticeable in 
young or immature shells, the form of which is fairly well 
shown in Pfeiffer's figure. The outer lip is moderately 
arched forward. Length of an adult shell 11.5, diam. 3.4, 
aperture 3.3 mm. 

The specimen shown in figs. 92 to 94 is from Mauritius. 
The apex is badly drawn in fig. 92. Nevill's record of the 
species from the Seychelles needs confirmation, as I learn 
from specimens of Opcas received from him that his iden- 


134 OPEAS MAURITIANUM. 

tifications of these difficult forms were sometimes ill-founded. 
His 0. davulinus from Bourbon was probably 0. mauri- 
tianum, at least in part. 

Fig. 95 of pi. 17 represents a specimen from Maui, 
Hawaiian Is., measuring length 12.7, diam. 3.5 mm. Like 
the rest of the Opeas fauna of the Hawaiian group, it is 
doubtless an immigrant there. I have also specimens col- 
lected in Washington, D. C., probably from a greenhouse. 
They were sent about twenty years ago by Rev. E. Lehnert, 
a reliable and at that time well-known collector. 

Opeas prestoni Sykes of Ceylon differs by having the spire 
a trifle less obese, more straightly tapering than the most 
strongly characterized 0. mauritia.num, yet in a series of 
both, these differences would not serve to separate them if 
mixed. I doubt whether the nominal rank of a variety can 
be upheld except on purely geographic grounds. 

Var. prestoni Sykes. PI. 17, figs. 98, 99, 100. 

Shell subperforate, long-cylindric, translucent, thin, cor- 
neous or waxy-corneous, the apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 
8!/2, plano-convex, longitudinally striated with growth lines, 
the last whorl about nine-twentieths the total length; suture 
well impressed; aperture elongate-ovate; peristome simple, 
acute, the columellar margin narrowly renexed to the base, 
nearly covering the perforation. Length 11, diam. 3.25, aper- 
ture 3x1.8 mm. (Sykes). 

Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). 

Opeas prestoni SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 73, 
pi. 5, f. 4 (July, 1898). 

Fig. 98 is a copy of Sykes' original. Figs. 99, 100 are 
from Ceylon specimens received from Mr. Collett. 

Var. obesispira Pilsbry. PI. 17, figs. 101, 102. 

Shell minutely perforate, turreted, translucent, corneous, 
the columella visible through the shell; glossy, Avith faint, 
arcuate wrinkles. Lateral outlines of the spire decidedly 
convex above. Whorls about 8i/>, moderately convex, separ- 
ated by impressed sutures, which appear to have a trans- 


OPEAS CLAVULINUM. 135 

lucent margin 'below. Aperture subvertical; outer lip thin, 
arched forward in the middle, somewhat retracted below. 
Columella subvertical, with a distinct spiral twist below, its 
edge reflexed above. Length 12, diam. 3.3, longest axis of 
aperture 3.3 mm. 

Kyukyu Is.: Okinawa (Hirase). 

Opeas obesispira PILS., Proc. A. N. S., Phila,, 1904, p. 638. 

Very closely related to 0. mauritianum, but the whorls 
are more convex and smoother, and the sutural margin 
distinct. 

3. 0. CLAVULINUM (Potiez et Michaud) . PI. 23, figs. 17, 21, 22. 

"Shell turrited, fragile, glassy, shining, diaphanous; 
whorls 6, convex, the last larger; aperture ovate above and 
to the left angular ; peristome simple, acute ; apex obtuse. 
Length 8 mm. 

'This shell makes, so to speak, a transition from Bui. 
clavulus to Bid. oryza, which is the shortest; its last whorl is 
proportionately larger than that of its two congeners, its 
summit is more obtuse and it is a little more ventricose." 
(P. & M.) 

Bourbon Is. (P. & M.) ; Mauritius (Nevill) ; Seychelles 
(Brauer). 

Bulimus clavulinus P. & M., Galerie des Mollusques du 
Mus. de Donai i, p. 136, pi. 14, f. 9, 10, 1838. --Opeas 
clavulinum MARTS., Land und Stisswasser-Mollusken der 
Seychellen, in Mittheil. Zool. Sammlung Mus. f. Naturkunde 
Berlin, i, p. 23, 1898. 

The original description and figures (fig. 17) are given. 
The species has been so variously identified, that references 
to the literature would foe useless and misleading. 

The species I take to be clavulinum is related to johanni- 
num and to mauritianum, but it is smaller than the latter, 
with the spire less swollen above. The specimens figured 
are from Mauritius (pi. 23, figs. 21, 22). The shell is 
openly perforate, pale yellowish-corneous; striate, but the 
sculpture is decidedly weaker than in 0. gracile; glossy. 
The sides slope almost straightly, but are a little convex 


136 OPEAS CLAVULINUM. 

near the obtuse apex. The upper part of the spire is wider 
than in 0. gracile. Whorls 7, moderately convex; the suture 
slightly irregular but not crenulate. Aperture about as in 
0. gracile. Compared with 0. johanninum, this species is 
smaller, less conic, and less deeply-grooved longitudinally. 
Length 7, diam. 2.4 mm. 

Specimens collected by Dr. A. Brauer in Mahe, Seychelles, 
in the plain and lower valleys, are described by von Martens 
as 8 mm. long, fully 2 wide, with 7 whorls. 

The following forms are scarcely separable except by their 
distribution. Both, however, seem to be less openly perforate. 

Var. ha/waiiense Sykes. PI. 17, fig. 97. 

"More cylindrical [than O.prestoni],i. e., the earlier whorls 
increase more rapidly and the later ones less so, the color is 
pale yellowish-white whereas the Ceylon shell is a light horn 
color, the texture of the shell is thinner and more transpar- 
ent, and the specimens I have seen are, on the average, 
smaller" (Sykes}. 

"Hawaii: Kawailoa, Mauna Loa, at 1500 ft. (Perkins); 
Hilo (Henshaw)." Also Honolulu (Dr. Win. H. Rush). 
Kauai : Hanalei (Dr. B. Sharp, 1893) . Maui (D. D. Baldwin) . 
Oahu, at Round Top and Manoa Valley (Bishop Museum). 

Opeas prestoni n. var. hawaiiensis SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. 
Lond. vi, p. 113, fig. 3 (June, 1904). 

Mr. Sykes figures a specimen which from the size-mark was 
9 mm. long. Most of those before me are smaller, about 7 
mm. long. The perforation is very small, as in the Japanese 
form which I have called kyotoense. Probably this Hawaiian 
snail was brought there from Japan. A copy of Mr. Sykes' 
original figure is given. 

Var. kyotoense Pilsbry. PI. 21, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. 

Shell almost imperforate, turrited, translucent, waxen 
whitish, glossy, arcuately, inconspicuously wrinkle-striate, 
smoother below. General slope of the sides straight, apex 
very obtuse. Whorls 71/2, quite convex, separated by deeply 
impressed sutures. Aperture slightly oblique, somewhat ef- 


OPEAS CLAVULINUM. 137 

fuse below; outer lip sinuous, thin; columella straight, verti- 
cal, the edge reflexed and appressed except for a minute 
umbilical chink. 

Length 10, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.3 mm. (Kayabe). 

Length 7, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.7 mm. (Kyoto). 

Length 7.7, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.3 mm. (Kyoto). 

Japan: Kyoto, Yamashiro. Types No. 78,757, A. N. S. P. 
Also Kashima, Harima, etc. 

0. kyotoensis PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 638 
(Nov. 2, 1904). 

This form is much more glossy than 0. gracile, less deeply 
striate. It is not quite so glabrous as 0. mauritiamim pres- 
toni, which moreover is more swollen near the summit, and 
larger, with shorter whorls. The straight, vertical columella, 
not expanding above, and forming a distinct angle with the 
parietal wall is also characteristic. It resembles 0. clavu- 
linum in almost every detail except the umbilical perfora- 
tion, which is smaller, nearly closed. The aperture is rather 
short and wide. The apex is large and the suture even, not 
crenulate. Figs. 3, 4, 6 represent typical specimens from 
Kyoto, 6 being a young shell. 

Some specimens which I refer to this species from Kayabe, 
Ojima, in Yesso, are larger and a little more distinctly striate, 
with the columella slightly arcuate. Others from Sado 
Island are similar. 

A form from Kikai-ga-shima, Osumi, in the Oshima group 
of the Ryukyu Is., differs by having a narrower aperture 
(pi. 21, fig. 5). 

There is a tendency in Kyoto specimens toward a stout 
form, when young resembling 0. brevispira to some extent. 
One of these is figured, pi. 21, fig. 6. I have some doubt 
whether kyotoensis can be considered even varietally distinct 
from hawaiense. 

0. c. kyotoensis appeared in large numbers in Phipp's 
conservatory in Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1897. 
Specimens from this source were distributed by Mr. G. H. 
Clapp at that time. 


138 OPEAS JAVANICUM. 

4. 0. JAVANICUM (Reeve). PI. 12, figs. 14, 16; pi. 16, figs. 
81, 88 ; pi. 22, fig. 9. 

Shell oblong, turrited; whorls 8, rounded, obscurely, very 
finely, rudely striated ; columella thin, attenuately truncated ; 
aperture small. Pale straw color. (Rve.) . 

Java: Wonosari (Zollinger). Flores at Larentuka and 
the neighboring island of Adenare. Moluccas on the islands 
Ternate and Amboina (Martens), Sumatra, China, Japan, 
Hawaiian Is., Mauritius, etc. 

Achatina javanica RVE., Conch. Icon, v, pi. 17, f. 79 
(1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 493. Stenogyra j., MARTENS, 
Ostas. Zool., Landschn. pp. 30, 377, pi. 22, f. 11 ; Sitzungsber. 
Ges. Nat. Freunde zu Berlin, 1877, p. 105 ( Japan). 
Hapalus j., MARTENS, Beschalte "Weichthiere D. Ost-Afr. p. 
130. ? Opeas davulinum (Pot. Mich.) BTTG., Nachrbl. d. D. 
Malak. Ges. 1891, p. 179 (Takao, Formosa; Canton, Hong- 
kong, Amoy, Hainan, etc., China; Nagasaki and Hakodate, 
Japan) ; Bericht Senck. Naturforsch. Ges. Frankfurt, 1891, 
p. 271 (includes S. javana Marts.; Amboina group of the 
Moluccas; Mauritius, Ceylon, Java, Flores, Adenare, Ternate, 
Cebu, Mindanao). 

Stenogyra striatissima Gredler, which I have included in 
Prosopeas (p. 35), should be compared with 0. javanicum. 
I suspect that it is either identical or very closely related. 

Reeve's figure is copied, pi. 16, fig. 88. An average Javan 
specimen measures, length 9.5, diam. 3.4 mm., aperture 3.2 
mm., whorls 7y 2 . The stria tion is very fine, crowded and 
thread-like, somewhat arcuate and under the compound mi- 
croscope, weak spirals may be seen in unworn shells. 

From Sumatra, at Batu Sangkar in the Padangsche Boven- 
land, specimens which I refer to 0. javanicum were brought 
by Messrs. Harrison and Hiller in 1891. One is figured, pi. 
16, fig. 81, the specimens being not quite full grown. The 
shell is imperforate or very narrowly rimate, conic-turrite, 
thin corneous, opaque, very densely and finely, sharply, arcu- 
ate striate, the striae superficially cut by impressed spiral lines, 
which are very fine and most distinct on the penultimate 
whorl. Whorls 7 to 7 1 /->, moderately convex, parted by a 


OPEAS JAVANICUM. 139 

deeply impressed suture, the apex obtuse, smooth. Aperture 
narrow, the outer lip thin, arched forward near the upper 
insertion, retracted to the suture. Columella vertical, nearly 
straight, calloused and obliquely truncate lasally, the colu- 
mellar margin reflexed and appressed. Length 9, diam. 3.1, 
aperture 3.1 mm. 

The oblique but distinct columellar truncation and the 
fine spiral striation (not readily visible with an ordinary 
hand lens) are prominent features of this species. Half- 
grown specimens have the columella as strongly truncate as 
the larger ones. Probably none of the lot have reached 
maximum size. 

0. javanicum occurs also in Mauritius (pi. 23, fig. 18), at- 
taining a larger size than elsewhere, well-grown shells being 
13 mm. long, while the largest measure, length 15, diam. 4.1, 
aperture 4 mm., whorls 9%, or a little shorter with the same 
diameter. The sculpture of sharp, densely crowded stride is 
the same in shells from Mauritius, Java, Sumatra and 
Hawaii. When unworn, the strice bear narrow brownish 
cuticular laminae. 

It remains to be determined just what relation 0. javani- 
cum bears to achatinaceum Pfr. which I have placed in 
Prosopeas (p. 21), since I have not myself seen achatinaceum. 
If javanicum were larger it would probably be considered to 
be a Prosopeas. It has the sculpture of that group, and had 
I studied it fully before the monograph of Prosopeas was 
published, I would have included javanicum therein. 

'This species seems to have been mistaken for 0. clavulinum 
by some authors. Mr. Sykes agrees with me in considering 
the following Hawaiian form a synonym. 

0. henshaivi Sykes. (PI. 12, figs. 14, 16.) "Shell subper- 
forate, turreted, somewhat solid, with closely-set, well- 
marked, curved, longitudinal strise; light-yellowish horn- 
color. Spire well drawn out, suture well marked, but the 
whorls not so shouldered as in 0. junceus. Whorls S 1 /^, 
plano-convex, the last whorl inflated, and measuring about 
half the total length of the shell, somewhat compressed at the 


140 OPEAS JAVANICUM. 

base. Mouth somewhat axe-shaped, the columellar margin 
reflexed and rather sinuous above. Alt 12.5; diam. max. 
4 mm." (Sykes). 

Hawaii: Hilo (type loc. Henshaw) and Waipio Pali, 
Hamakua district (Thaanum) ; Oahu : Honolulu (D. Thaanum, 
Dr. "W. H. Rush). The Bishop Museum at Honolulu has 
specimens from Manoa, Oahu, and from Kauai. 

Opeas henshawi SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. VI, p. 112, 
f. 2 (June, 1904). 

' ' The salient features of this form are its yellow color, the 
well marked, curved strige, the size and inflation of the last 
whorl, and the slightly sinuous columellar margin, which 
bends to the left above and is not vertical. I have seen about 
twenty specimens, a few of which are slightly narrower in 
proportion to the length. This may, very possibly, be the 
manuscript 0. striolata of Pease." (Sykes.) 

This is quite unlike other Polynesian species by its sinu- 
ous, obliquely subtruncate columella at least in the most 
strongly .characterized specimens, and the better developed, 
dense and sharp striation, which on the newest part of the 
shell in unrubbed individuals has a delicate cuticular lamin- 
ation. The imperforate or almost imperforate axis is another 
characteristic feature of the shell. The larger specimen fig- 
ured (pi. 12, fig. 14 from Hilo) measures length 11.5, diam. 
3.75, aperture 4 mm., whorls 8. The young one figured from 
the same lot is 7 mm. long, both are from Hilo, the type 
locality of henshawi. A Honolulu specimen measures 12 x 4 
mm. 

0. kusaiense of the Carolines is a somewhat less lengthened 
and openly perforate species, otherwise of much the same 
structure. On the specimens from Hilo and some of those 
from Honolulu I see no spiral striation, but in a Honolulu 
lot collected by Dr. Rush, U. S. N., there are fine spirals on 
the penultimate whorl, as in the Sumatran specimens de- 
scribed above. It is likely that 0. javanicum (henshawi) is 
a newcomer in the Hawaiian islands, from Java, Sumatra or 
some neighboring East Indian locality. 

Besides the large and robust form of javanicum described 


OPEAS, WEST AFRICA. 141 

as henshawi, there is a much more slender, smaller form, 
which I have received from Honolulu (coll. by Thaanum), 
and figured on pi. 22, fig. 9. It has the typical sculpture of 
dense sharp striae, which bear, when quite unworn, cuticular 
lamina. Length of figured specimen 10, diam. 3 mm., whorls 
fully 8. 

II. West African Species. 

1. Cape Verde promontory, species no. 5. 

2. Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, species no. 6 to 8. 

3. Mainland of tropical W. Africa, species" no. 9 to 14. 
Bulimus terrulentus Morel., from Gaboon, included in 

Curvella (p. 52) may be an Opeas or Pseudopeas, but the 
shell is more thick-set than usual in these genera. 

5. 0. HANNENSIS (Rang). PI. 15, fig. 59. 

This little shell is long, conic, thin, transparent, smooth and 
of a slightly soiled, yellowish tint, darker towards the sum- 
mit, which is somewhat obtuse. The whorls number 6, are 
noticeably rounded, and the last is smaller than the others 
taken together. The aperture is oval and nearly parallel to 
the axis in plane and direction. The columella is straight, 
and is continuous, without truncation, with the outer margin, 
which is sharp and simple. The animal is of a beautiful yel- 
low color, visible by transparence through the shell. Length 
4 to 5, diam. 1.5 to 2 mm. (Rang}. 

West Africa : village of Hann, Cape Verde peninsula, close 
to fresh water, particularly that collecting about barrels 
sunken in the earth (Rang). 

Helix hannensis RANG, Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv, p. 41, pi. 3, f. 8 
(1831). Bulimus h., PFR., Monogr. ii, 160. Cf. MORELET, 
Journ. de Conch. 1873, p. 239, and WOLLASTON, Testacea 
Atlantica, p. 510. 

This species in the original locality seems to have remained 
unknown to subsequent naturalists. It has been reported 
by Morelet from the Cape Verde Is.; and Wollaston, who 
identified the island form with Opeas goodalli, reduces han- 
nensis to a synonym of that form. Whether this course was 


142 OPEAS, WEST AFRICA. 

well-founded is a question which must remain unsettled until 
specimens from Rang's original locality can be compared. 

6. O. PAUPER (Dohrn). PI. 15, fig. 62. 

Shell minutely perforate, oblong-turrited, striate, whitish- 
corneous, thin, diaphanous, waxy-shining. Spire turrite, the 
apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed. AVhorls 6, nearly flat, 
moderately increasing, the last about one-third the total 
length, 'compressed around the perforation. Aperture oblong, 
vertical; peristome simple, the right margin arcuate, unex- 
panded. Columellar margin a little expanded, reflexed. 
Length 6, diam. 2.5, aperture 2x1.5 mm. (Dohrn}. 

Prince Island : under rotten wood in a forested ravine. 
(Dohrn). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) pauper DOHRN, Malak. Bl. xiii, 1866, 
p. 126, pi. 5, f. 14-16. CROSSE, J. de Conch. 1888, p. 302.- 
Bulimus p., PPR. Monogr. vi, p. 103. Opeas p. GIRARD, 
Jornal, etc., iii, 1893, p. 105. 

7. 0. DOHRNI Girard. PI. 15, fig. 63. 

Shell turriculate, narrowly perforate, thin, diaphanous, 
slightly glossy, dirty yellowish, sculptured with very fine, 
quite regular and slightly arcuate growth strige. Spire re- 
gularly increasing, composed of 6 or 7 quite convex whorls 
separated by a deep suture, and terminating in an obtuse 
summit. Last whorl contained 3y 2 times in the total length, 
rounded. Aperture long-oval, slightly oblique; peristome 
simple, acute, the margins joined by a very distinct callus; 
columellar margin straight, reflexed, basal margin a little ef- 
fuse, outer margin noticeably arched forward. Length 8.5, 
diam. 2.75, aperture 2.5x1.25 mm. (Girard). 

Prince Island, with 0. crossei; St. Thome in the ravines of 
the Northwest coast, etc. (F. Newton). 

Opeas dohrni GIRARD, Jornal, etc., iii, p. 105, pi. 1, f. 14. 

It is astonishing that this species which inhabits Prince Is. 
and is quite common on St. Thome, has been collected only by 
Mr. Newton. It belongs near 0. gracile Hutt. and apex 
Morch. The specimens from St. Thome sometimes have the 


OPEAS, WEST AFRICA. 143 

basal lip more flaring than those of Prince Island, but this 
character is inconstant (Girard). 

8. 0. GREEFFI Girard. PI. 15, figs. 64, 65. 

Shell turriculate, subperforate, thin, subtransparent, a little 
shining, of a yellowish- white tint ; sculptured with very fine, 
quite regular and very arcuate strias of growth. Spire com- 
posed of. 6 nearly flat whorls, separated by a suture which is 
not much impressed, and is slightly denticulate by the striae ; 
terminating in an obtuse apex. Last whorl rounded, slightly 
more than one-third the total length of the shell. Aperture 
narrow, long oval, slightly oblique. Peristome simple, acute, 
the margins joined 'by a very feeble callus; the columellar 
margin straight, reflexed; basal margin a little effuse; outer 
margin strongly arched forward. Length 6.5, diam. 2.33, 
aperture 2.5x1 mm. (Girard). 

Prince Island, with 0. crossei; St. Thome at Cafini (New- 
ton). 

Opeas greeffi GIRARD, Jornal, etc., p. 106, pi. 1, f. 15. 

" This Opeas seems to be diverse from all the species now 
known, but approaches a new one found 'by Mr. Newton on 
Anno-Bom. " 

9. 0. HAMONVILLEI (Dautzenberg) . PI. 15, fig. 70. 

Shell narrowly perforate, long-turrited, thin, a little trans- 
lucent. Spire elevated, quite attenuate at the summit, com- 
posed of 8 rather convex whorls separated by a well-marked 
suture. Surface ornamented with very fine longitudinal rib- 
striae decussated with finer descending [spiral] lines, giving 
the shell when examined under a lens, a latticed appearance. 
Aperture oval, long; columella straight, feebly dilated and 
reflexed. Lip simple and acute. Uniform yellowish white. 
Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. (Dautz.} 

Senegambia: Bakel (Capt. Em. Dorr). 

Stenogyra h., DAUTZ., Mem. Soc. Zool. France iii, 1889, p. 
130, pi. 1, f. 7a, 7b. 

Remarkable for its spiral striation, which however is very 
minute. It is more openly perforate than 0. javanicum, and 
the arcuate stride are not so strong. 


144 OPEAS, WEST APRICA. 

10. 0. ACMELLA (Morelet). PI. 24, fig. 37. 

"Shell rather small, turrited acieulate, apex a little ob- 
tuse, crystalline, smooth. Whorls 7 slightly convex, mar- 
gined with a denticulate suture ; the last whorl equal to one- 
fourth of the entire length of the shell. Aperture ovately 
lunate, with simple, arcuate margins, columellar margin a 
little dilated above, renexed. Length 4.5, diarn. 1.25 mm." 
(Morelet) . 

West Africa: environs of Mayomba, 120 miles N. W. of 
Loango. 

Stenogyra acmella MORELET, Journ. de Conch. Jan. 1885, 
p. 26, pi. 2, f . 4. 

"After Stenogyra pusilla from the Comoros which meas- 
ures only 3 mm. in height, this species is the smallest that is 
known to me. The columella of this species is not truncated ; 
the whorls of the spire, a little convex, are joined by a nar- 
.rowly margined suture, where the incremental striae, which 
disappear on the rest of the surface, assume the form of 
fine and regular folds. The shell is white, transparent and 
crystalline." (Morelet). 

11. 0. RECISUM (Morelet). PI. 24, fig. 38. 

Shell imperforate, shortly turrited, thin, with arcuate in- 
cised striae, hyaline, corneous, very glossy, pale brown. Spire 
conoidal, apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6 plano-convex, the last 
enlarged, exceeding one-third of the entire length of the 
shell. Aperture semioval, margins simple, the columellar 
margin sinuous, shortly revolute above. Length 6; diana. 
2.25 mm." (Morelet). 

W. Africa : Mayomba, 120 miles N. W. of Loango. 

Stenogyra recisa MORELET, Journ. de Conch. Jan. 1885, p. 
28, pi. 2, f. 5. 

"This little species, at first sight, recalls a little our 
Ferussacia lubrica of which it has the gloss and form. It is 
composed of six whorls a little convex, and the last relatively 
more developed, which gives it the appearance of a Bulimus. 
The aperture, in consequence, is rather large in proportion to 


OPE AS, WEST AFRICA. 


145 


the size of the shell. The columella is sinuous but not trun- 
cate. Finally, the glossy, transparent shell, of a pale fawn 
color, is engraved with arcuate striae, quite strongly impressed, 
and more apparent at the suture." (Morelet). 

12. 0. BOCAGEI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 34. 

Shell turriculate, perforate; spire 'Composed of 7 or 8 dis- 
tinctly rounded whorls; suture quite deep, ornamented with 
denticulations produced by fine and nearly vertical grooves. 
Columella weakly arcuate, the margin reflexed over the nar- 
rowly open umbilical perforation; lip simple and a little re- 
flexed. Color milk white with pearly reflections. Length 
10, diam. 2.5 mm. (Nobre). 

Angola: forest of Mupepe, under dry leaves. (Newton). 

Opeas bocagei NOBRE, Molluscos terrestres e fluviaes da ex- 
ploracao de Francisco Newton em Angola, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 15, 16, 
in Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes, ix, 1905. 

13. 0. VIEIRAI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 35. 

Shell elongate, turriculate, perforate, thin, longitudinally 
striate. Spire composed of 7 or 8 much rounded whorls; 
suture deep. Aperture oval, lengthened; columella straight 
and a little bent to the left, reflexed over the umbilical cav- 
ity; lip simple and sharp. Color corneous. Length 11.5, 
diam. 2.75 mm. (Nobre). 

Angola: Gumba (Newton). 

Opeas vieirai NOBRE, Molluscos etc., p. 9, pi. 1, f. 17, 18, in 
Annaes de Sci. Nat. ix, 1905. 

14. 0. WELWITSCHI Nobre. PI. 24, fig. 43. 

Shell turriculate, perforate, thin, ornamented with very 
distinctly recurved striae, oblique from left to right. Spire 
of 4 to 5 quite rounded whorls, the last forming more than 
half the length of the shell. Aperture rounded-oval, a little 
oblique; columella nearly straight, the margin reflexed over 
the umbilical cavity which is narrow. Color yellowish, often 
noticeably ferruginous. Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. (Nobre). 

Angola: forest of Mupepe (Newton). 


146 OPEAS, EAST AFRICA. 

Opeas ivelwitschi NOBRE, Mollucos etc., p. 10, pi. 1, f. 19, 
20, in Annaes de Sci. Nat. ix, 1905. 

Three examples from Luinha are of a greenish color. In 
some examples there is a very narrow band at the suture. 

III. East African Species. 

15. OPEAS BAWRIENSE n. n. PL 15, fig. 66. 

Shell slender, diaphanous, nearly smooth, glossy. Whorls 
7, rather flattened, gradually increasing, the last larger and 
more swollen. Apex rather obtuse. Aperture ovate-ellipti- 
cal, lip arcuate; columella a little reflexed. Length 5.5, 
diam. 2 mm. (Gibbons). 

Bawri Island, Zanzibar (Gibbons). 

Stenogyra lucida GIBBONS, Journal of Conchology ii, p. 
144, pi. 1, fig. 4, May, 1879. Not Achatina lucida Poey, 1851, 
also an Opeas. 

"Allied to 8. delicata [Curvella delicata], but perfectly 
distinct, being much smaller with the whorls flatter and nearly 
smooth, and the aperture less elongated." 

16. 0. CRENULATUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, fig. 67. 

Shell slender, subulate, pellucid, glossy, thin, whorls 12, 
slowly increasing, the two apical smooth, convex, the rest a 
little convex, obliquely lightly striatulate, at the suture min- 
utely crenulate; separated by a slightly oblique suture, the 
last whorl short. Aperture inversely ear-shaped, small; 
peristome thin, the 'columellar margin expanded and reflexed. 
Length 12, diam. 3, aperture 2*4 mm. long. (Smith). 

British East Africa, near the terminus of the Uganda R. R. 
between Sept. 1900 and April, 1901 (Wm. Doherty). 

Opeas crcnulata SMITH, Journ. of Malacology viii, p. 96, 
fig. 6 (Dec. 30, 1901). 

"Well characterized by the numerous short whorls and the 
minute plication at the suture. The form is somewhat vari- 
able, some specimens being more slender than others." 

17. 0. VENUSTUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, figs. 69. 

Shell long, slender, pellucid, glossy, slightly striate. 


OPEAS, EAST AFRICA. 147 

Whorls 10, very slowly increasing, the first two globose, the 
rest a little convex, the last short. Aperture small, inversely 
ear-shaped; peristome thin, the right margin arcuate, colu- 
mellar margin dilated and reflexed at the insertion. Length 
9, diam. 1.5, aperture 1x0.75 mm. (Smith). 

Eastern Uganda (Wm. Doherty) . 

Opcas venusta SMITH, Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4, 
f. 21, April 1, 1903. 

"More slender and smaller than 0. crenulata Smith from 
the same locality, and without any crenulations 'beneath the 
suture. The increase of the whorls is very gradual and there 
is scarcely any difference in the height of the last five whorls." 

18. 0. LENTUM E. A. Smith. PI. 15, fig. 68. 

Shell long, slender, thin, pellucid, glossy, obliquely closely 
and very finely striate. Whorls 10, slowly increasing, the 
first two smooth, convex, the rest a little convex, separated 
by a rather deep oblique suture, the last scarcely descending. 
Aperture small, inversely ear-shaped, lip thin, lightly and 
very narrowly expanded; columella expanded and convexly 
reflexed. Length 10, diam. 2.75, aperture 2 x 1.5 mm. 
(Smith). 

Eastern Uganda (Doherty). 

Opens lenta SMITH, Journ. of Conch, x, p. 319, pi. 4, f. 20, 
April 1, 1903. 

"The raised striae are very slender, closely packed, thread- 
like and oblique. Two or three at distant intervals, former 
labra, are more conspicuous than the rest." 

19. 0. STENOSTOMUM (E. A. Smith). PI. 15, fig. 71. 

Shell narrowly rimate, elongate, slender, tapering above, 
at the apex obtuse, rounded; glossy somewhat greenish- 
pellucid. Whorls 8, slightly convex, sculptured with arcuate 
growth-striae, separated by an oblique suture; the last whorl 
elongate, cylindric. Aperture elongate, narrow, about two- 
sevenths the total length ; lip thin, curved forward ; columella 
nearly vertical, narrowly expanded and reflexed. Length 
10.5, diam. 3, aperture 3x1.5 mm. (Smith). 


148 OPEAS, EAST AFRICA. 

British East Africa: Mamboya, at an elevation of 4-5000 
ft. (Last). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) stenostoma SMITH, Ann. and Mag. 
N. H. (6), vi, p. 160, pi. 5, f. 20. August, 1890. 

' ' This species has a long body- whorl and aperture, recalling 
to mind the little Cecilianella acicula." 

20. 0. LIMPIDUM Martens. PL 15, fig. 72. 

Imperforate, conic-turrited, weakly and closely striate, 
translucent, glossy, of glassy clearness. Whorls 9 to 9^, the 
first globular, smooth, the second and third of nearly equal 
size, strongly convex, the following regularly and slowly 
increasing, convex, with rather impressed whitish sutures, 
the last whorl rounded below. Aperture rather oblique, 
rounded-squarish, comprising a little more than one-fourth 
the length of the shell ; outer lip thin, scarcely arcuate ; lower 
margin rather narrowly rounded, columellar margin vertical, 
rather thick, white, narrowed below, and forming a distinct 
angle with the basal margin. Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 
2.66 x 1.75 mm. (Marts.} . 

East Africa: Bukende on the Issango (Dr. Stuhlmann). 

Opeas limpidum MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere p. 127, pi. 
5, f. 31. 

"Reminds one of Streptostele by the shape and luster of 
the shell, but the columellar margin is not so distinctly twisted 
and the outer lip is not thickened." The imperf orate axis 
is unusual in Opeas, if the species really belongs here. 

21. 0. STREPTOSTELOIDES Martens. PI. 15, fig. 73. 

Elongated-conic' with an umbilical fissure, closely rib- 
striate, with a yellowish-brown cuticle, in part deciduous; 
very obtuse above. Whorls G 1 /^, scarcely convex, with a 
rather deep suture, regularly increasing, the last rounded, 
convex below. Aperture occupying one-fourth the total 
length, of a rounded obliquely quadragular shape; peris- 
tome unexpanded, the outer margin nearly vertical, receding 
above; basal margin rounded; columellar margin vertical, 
thickened above, and obliquely entering the interior of the 


OPEAS, SOUTH AFRICA. 149 

aperture, but spreading outwardly in a broad and distinctly 
defined deposit. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 2.25 x 1.75 mm. 
(Marts.). 

Uganda: Buddu coast, in the shore forest (Emin Pasha, 
Stuhlmann) . 

Opeas s., MARTS., Beschalte Weich. p. 127, pi. 5, f. 30. 

"The shape of the mouth reminds one of Streptostele, but 
the columellar margin is less spirally twisted, the outer lip is 
not thickened and the surface of the shell is not smooth and 
glossy. The young shells of Streptostele costulata are dis- 
tinctly more slender than this snail." 

IV. South African Species. 

22. 0. CRAWFORDI (Melvill & Ponsonby) . PI. 15, fig. 74. 
Shell very thin, glassy, tapering, cylindric, whorls 5, 

smooth, ventricose, longitudinally very delicately striatulate 
under the lens; last whorl produced. Aperture oblong; 
peristome simple, unexpanded; columellar margin a little 
thickened. Largest specimen, length 4.5, diam. 1.5 mm. 
(M. & P.] 

South Africa: Van Staaden's River (J. Crawford, Esq.). 

Stenogyra crawfordi M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) 
xii, p. 105, pi. 3, f. 4 (Aug. 1893). 

"A smoothish glossy species, to which we cannot assign 
a place as the young of any South African form with which 
we are acquainted, several of the specimens before us being 
apparently full-grown. ' ' 

23. 0. DURBANENSE Sturany. PI. 15, figs. 75, 76. 

The conic shell, composed of 6y 2 whorls, is more or less 
gradate; it is translucent, slightly glossy, and of a greenish 
color, with obtuse apex and a quite weak thread-like suture. 
Only the most delicate growth-strias are visible under the 
lens. The columellar margin of the peristome is somewhat 
reflexed, leaving only an inconsiderable umbilical crevice. 
Length 8.7, diam. 3.3, length of the aperture 3.5, width 1.7 
mm. (Sturany}. 

Natal : Durban (Dr. Penther) . 


150 OPEAS, SOUTH AFRICA. 

Opeas durbanense STURANY, Anzeiger K. Akad. Wissensch. 
Wien, 1898, p. 7; Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Ixvii, p. 
597, pi. 2, f. 42-44 (1899). 

A single specimen taken. It seems to be related to 
0. crawfordi M. & P. 

24. 0. STRIGILIS Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 15, fig. 79. 

Shell minute, rimate, very slender, tapering-fusiform, crys- 
talline, of a silvery golden straw color. Whorls 8, the api- 
cal one nearly immersed, obtuse, the rest delicately and very 
closely obliquely striate, last whorl lengthened. Aperture 
narrowly ovate; peristome thin, the columellar margin re- 
flexed. Length 7.25, diam. 2 mm. (P. & M.}. 

Natal: Karkloof Bush, near Pietermaritzburg ( J. McBean). 

Subulina strigilis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), viii, 
p. 318, pi. 2, f. 7 (Oct. 1901). 

"A beautifully striate species, of which we have seen four 
examples, slightly varying in size, but in all other respects 
uniformly alike " (M. & P.). 

25. 0. TUGELENSIS (Melvill & Ponsonby). PI. 15, fig. 78. 

Shell attenuate, fusiform, pellucid, rather delicate, very 
thin, milk-white. Whorls 7, the apical very obtuse, papillate, 
the rest rather swollen, smooth, the last produced. Aperture 
oblong, peristome thin, simple; 'columellar margin straight. 
Length 14, diam. 4 mm. (M. & P.}. 

Natal: Lower Tugela River. 

Subulina tugelensis M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xix, 
p. 637, pi. 17, f. 9 (June, 1897). 

' ' An interesting form, more glossy than most of the hither- 
to recognized South African species, of a beautiful translu- 
cent milky- white color." 

26. O. MCBEANI Melvill & Ponsonby. PI. 15, fig. 77. 

Shell tapering, fusiform, delicate, subpellucid, pale straw 
colored, whorls 10, the two apical mamillar, the rest im- 
pressed at the sutures, rather tumid, longitudinally minutely 
oblique-striate throughout. Aperture small, the lip thin, 


OPEAS, COMORO AND MASCARENE IS. 151 

columellar margin nearly straight, a little thickened, glossy, 
white. Length 9.5, diam. 2 mm. (M. & P.). 

Transvaal: Boksberg (Burnup). 

Opeas mcbeani M. & P., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (7), xii, p. 
604, pi. 31, f. 8 (Dec. 1903). 

"Differs from its near ally Siibulina strigilis M. & P. in its 
more globular apical whorls, finer striation and smaller aper- 
ture. In that species, too, the last whorl is not so prolonged 
proportionately, and the upper whorls are less ventricose 
than in this new form." Compare 0. gracile. 

V. Opeas of the Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius, etc. 

The Comoro Is. have a rich and peculiar Stenogyrine fauna 
of African type, indicative of long isolation. The fauna! 
history of these islands has had nothing in common with the 
Mascarene and other islands of the region. 

The Mascarene islands owe their Stenogyrine chiefly if 
not wholly to importation, probably since the period of settle- 
ment. Their position as ports of call between the East and 
Europe early brought in Oriental Opeas, a number of which 
were first described from Mauritius, etc. Any Mascarene 
Opeas may be expected to turn up in the East; and the ori- 
ginal center of dispersal of such forms as 0. mauritianum, 
clavulinum, gracile and javanicum may never be known, 
though it was doubtless somewhere in the East Indies or 
southeast Asia. 

The American species 0. goodalli, 0. swiftianum and 0. 
micra occur as immigrants, the former reported from Rod- 
riguez, the two latter sent by Nevill from Mauritius. 

27. 0. APICULUM Morelet. PI. 23, figs. 12, 13. 

"Shell turrited subulate, thin, closely striate, the earlier 
whorls costulate-striate ; horny reddish, not shining. Spire 
elongate, the apex rather acute. Whorls 8, planulate, the 
last equal to one-third of the entire length of the shell. 
Columella slightly receding, hardly truncate. Aperture of 
medium size, semioval. Peristome simple, acute, unexpanded. 
Length 12, diam. 3 mm." (Morelet}. 


152 


OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 


Comoro Is.: Grand Comoro (Humblot}. 

Stenogyra (Opeas) apiculum MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 
Oct. 1885, p. 292, pi. 14, f. 10. 

"A small shell of the same group as the preceding 
(S. longula), of which it reproduces almost exactly the char- 
acters. It is equally subulate, with the whorls of the spire 
flattened, eight in number, instead of nine as in its con- 
gener. Its aperture is relatively not so long, and its 
columella less twisted. Moreover, it is engraved with strong 
striae which assume the appearance of a costulation on the 
earlier whorls of the spire. It is impossible to confound it 
with the young of the S. longula. (Morelet}. 

The shell is without trace of umbilical perforation, and is 
olivaceous-yellow rather than " corneorufa." The apex is 
obtuse, side-slopes just perceptibly convex. The first 2y 3 
whorls are smooth, then stride set in, which become coarser, 
so that the intermediate whorls are irregularly costulate. 
The last whorl or two are rather finely, irregularly striate. 
All the whorls but the first one are decidedly flattened. The 
piriform aperture is quite oblique, the thin outer lip is arched 
forward a little near the upper insertion. The columella is 
oblique, its lower, callous portion being very obliquely ex- 
cised below. The reflexed edge is thin and closely adherent. 
The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 12.5, diam. 
3.7, aperture 3.9 mm., and has 8 whorls. 

28. 0. LONGULUM (Morelet). PL 15, fig. 80. 

"Shell subulately turrited, rather thin, irregularly hair- 
striate, corneus brown, a little shining. Spire elongate, apex 
rather acute. Suture impressed. Whorls 9 planulate, the 
last hardly exceeding one-third of the entire length of the 
shell. Columella twisted, receding, not truncate. Aperture 
elongate, not very wide, base subeffuse; peristome thin. 
Length 19 diam. 5 mm." (Morelet}. 

Comoro Is.: Grand Comoro. (Humblot.) 

Stenogyra (Opeas} longula MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 
Oct. 1885, p. 292, pi. 14, f. 9. 

"This Stenogyra, with a spire composed of nine depressed 


OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 153 

whorls, separated by a very distinct suture, is elongated in 
the form of an awl. The stria with which it is engraved 
from about the fourth whorl, are very irregular. The epi- 
dermis is of a uniform brown color without gloss. The long 
and narrow aperture is slightly effuse at the base. The colu- 
mella is not truncated, but it is a little twisted spirally." 
(Morelet). 

29. 0. AVENACEUM (Morelet). PI. 16, figs. 86, 87. 

"Shell imperf orate, oblong, thin, somewhat glossy, smooth, 
brownish-waxen; whorls 7 a little convex, the last equal to 
three-sevenths the entire length of the shell. Columella 
straight, obliquely truncate, not reaching the base. Aperture 
semi-oval, margins simple unexpanded. Length 7 diam. 2^2 
mm." (Morelet). 

Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Marie). 

Stenogyra avenacea MORELET Jour, de Conch, xxix, July, 
1881, p. 219, pi. 9, f. 3. 

" It is distinguished from S. johannina, which is much more 
shining, by being imperforate ; from gracilis and clavulina by 
the truncate columella; from mauritiana (a doubtful form) 
by the two preceding characters and its absolutely smooth 
surface. The other species of the same group are much 
larger. The columella, in this shell, is obliquely truncate 
before reaching the base ; the aperture forming a round shal- 
low sinus below the truncation." (Morelet). 

The specimen drawn in fig. 86 is from E. Marie. I am 
entirely inclined to place this shell in Opeas. The oblique 
truncation of the columella is not greater than in 0. layardi 
and some other species. The very fine growth-stria are al- 
most straight, not distinctly arcuate as in Opeas generally. 

30. 0. JOHANNINUM (Morelet) . PI. 23, figs. 16, 20. 

"Shell subimperf orate, turrited, rather solid, arcuately 
hair-striate, shining, diaphanous, white or pale yellow, in 
specimens a long time dead, waxen ; spire elongate, conic, some- 
what acute, whorls iy 2 , slightly convex, the last equal to two- 
fifths the length of the shell ; columella almost vertical, gradu- 


154 OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 

ally tapering; aperture oblong, base rotund, peristome sim- 
ple, unexpanded, exterior margin evenly arcuate, columellar 
margin narrowly reflexed. Length 10-11, diarn, 4-4 1 /4 mm. 
Length of aperture 4, breadth 2 mm." (Morelet) . 

Comoro Islands : Johanna ( Anjuan) (Bewsher) and Mayotte 
(Marie). Also Nossicumba( Marie), and Nossi-Be (Stumpff). 

Bulimus (Stenogyra) johanninus MORELET, Journ. de 
Conch., Oct. 1877, p. 333, pi. 12, f. 3. Opeas johanninus 
(Mor.) BOETTGER, Nachrbl. 1890, p. 90. CROSSE, Journ. de 
Conch. July, 1881, p. 201. Stenogyra jokannina MORELET, 
Journ. de Conch. July, 1881, p. 219; J. de C. Oct. 1885, p. 
293. 0. johanninus CROSSE & FISCHER in Grandidier, Hist 
Phys. Nat. et Politique de Madagascar, 1889, xxv, pi. 24, f. 2. 

Morelet writes as follows: It differs from B. mauritianus 
Pfr., known to me only by the description and figure, in the 
height, the texture of the shell, by the fullness of the whorls 
of the spire which gives it a more foulimoid form, the aper- 
ture is also a little wider, and the apex more obtuse. 
B. johanninus is distinguished by a quite swollen spire, of 
which the last two whorls are longer than the rest of the 
shell. It is found in great abundance in dry places on the 
shore. The specimens collected at Mayotte by E. Marie are 
more slender and do not exceed 6x3 mm. Boettger, writ- 
ing of Nossi-Be specimens, says that the species belongs to 
the immediate group of 0. clavulinus P. & M., but is sharply 
distinguished from that 'by the greater size, more conic shape, 
more rapidly increasing whorls, and especially by the rela- 
tively much higher aperture. But the 0. clavulinus of 
Boettger is evidently not the species so identified by von 
Martens and the writer, but apparently is 0. javanicum 
(Rve.). 

The specimens before me from Nossi-Be (pi. 23, fig. 20), 
received from E. Marie, are evidently related to 0. mauri- 
tianum, but are more conic, and differ by having a sculpture 
which in places may be termed closely, irregularly, arcuate- 
etriate; but elsewhere would be better described as closely 
but irregularly grooved. The sculpture is much less dense 
than in 0. javanicum. The larger shells measure, length 


OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 155 

10.3, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls 7. They have 
the usual clear corneous color. 

Var. MAYOTTENSE nov. PI. 23, fig. 19. 

Shell openly perforate, clear whitish-corneous, very thin. 
Sculpture of fine striae and grooves, the post-embryonic 
whorls being very regularly grooved. Length 7, diam. 2.3 
mm., whorls 7. 

Comoros: Mayotte (E. Marie). 

This form is very similar to 0. clavulinum, but differs by 
the regular and stronger sculpture of the spire. It is much 
smaller than 0. johanninum and less conic. Some of the 
specimens contain eggs. 

31. 0. VULGARE (Morelet). PI. 23, fig. 14. 

"Shell rimate, turrited, rather thin, arcuately hair-striate, 
shining, diaphanous, pale corneous; apex somewhat obtuse. 
Whorls 8, a little convex, the last more dilated, nearly equal 
to one-third the length. Columella nearly straight, entire. 
Aperture truncate-oblong, columellar margin longitudinally 
dilated, reflexed. Length 8, diam. 4^/ 2 mm." (Morelet). 

Comoro Islands: Anjuan (Humblot.) 

Stenogyra vulgaris MORELET, Journ. de Conch, xxxv, Oct. 
1887, p. 286, pi. 9, f. 4. 

According to Morelet, this species resembles S. octona, S. 
cereola and S. simpularia. The resemblance to S. octona is 
superficial, but the columella in vulgaris is not truncate. In 
8. simpularia and cereola the columella is also truncate, 
though very obliquely so, but these two are larger, more 
deeply colored and decidedly less strongly striate. It seems 
to be closely related to 0. johanninum, from the same island, 
yet differs by its much greater width. I have not seen 
specimens. 

32. 0. SPINULA (Morelet). PI. 23, fig. 15. 

"Shell small, arcuately rimate, turrited, apex tapering, 
shining; very finely costulately-striate, translucent, corneous- 
whitish. Whorls 7, rather convex, joined by an impressed, 


> 

o 


156 OPEAS, COMORO IS., ETC. 

narrowly margined suture, the last whorl compressed about 
the umbilical rimation, exceeding one-third of the entire 
length of the shell. Aperture oblong, external margin sim- 
ple, unexpanded, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 
51/2, diam. 2 mm.'' (Morelet). 

Comoro Is. : Mayotte (Marie) . 

Stenogyra spinula MORELET, Journ. de Conch., July, 1883, 
p. 194, pi. 8, f. 10. 

"Among those which live on the islands of East Africa 
and on the neighboring continent, Stenogyra clavulina, 
S. joliannina, as well as the young individuals of 8. clavulus, 
are the only ones which approach the present species. But. 
it is distinguished from the first two by the more acieular 
form, the last whorl being decidedly less inflated, whilst the 
spire is more elongated ; by its sutural margin, and finally by 
the columella being more broadly dilated. As to the young 
specimens of S. clavulus, they have six whorls in the spire, in- 
stead of seven, when they are the same size, and the last whorl, 
as in the preceding, is more developed. The shell, moreover, 
is more solid, less glossy, less transparent, and the suture is 
not margined. The species really differs therefore from all 
others found in the same region." (Morelet) . 

33. 0. BRAUERI (Martens). PI. 12, fig. 15. 

A very small snail, 4.5 mm. long, last whorl 1.5 mm. wide 
below, aperture 1.5 mm. long; yellowish-white, with nearly 
vertical striae, convex forwardly; not glossy. Whorls 5y 2 , 
rather rapidly but regularly increasing, with impressed su- 
ture, the first forming an obtuse apex, which however is not 
thickened into a head as in Elma. Aperture long, pear- 
shaped, very acutely angular above, narrowly rounded below. 
Outer lip simple, thin, steeply rising, convex forwardly, and 
under the suture noticeably retracted. Columellar margin 
vertical, thick, passing into the basal margin in a short bend 
without emargination, leaving a narrow umbilical slit be- 
hind it. (Martens). 

Seychelles: Mahe, at Anse aux Pins, on cocoanut planted 
strand. 


OPEAS, CEYLON. 157 

Hapalus braueri MARTENS, Mittheil, aus der Zoolog. Samm- 
lung des Mus. f. Naturkunde in Berlin, i, p. 24, pi. 2, f. 18. 

Resembles Acicula mauritiana H. Ad., in size and form, but 
in that the penult, whorl is comparatively longer, and separ- 
ated from the last whorl by a deeper suture. The reference 
of this species to Hapalus seems to me of very doubtful ex- 
pediency. It may be related to 0. goodalli; and indeed I 
cannot readily see how it differs from that widely-spread 
species. 

34. 0. SWIPTIANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 23, fig. 26. 

Shell very slender, imperf 'orate, thin, yellowish-corneous, 
glossy, very weakly sculptured with faint growth-wrinkles 
which are nearly straight. Spire slender, with straight out- 
lines and obtuse apex. Whorls iy 2 , moderately convex; su- 
ture impressed, even, a narrow border below it slightly puck- 
ered. Aperture small, ovate, the columella a little calloused, 
very slightly excised below, and at the insertion above it 
curves to the right. Length 7.8 diam. 2, length of aperture 
2 mm. 

Mauritius (Nevill) ; introduced from the West Indies. 

This form is more slender than 0. gracile and much 
smoother, and is imperf orate, the coluniellar reflection being 
closely appressed. The suture is not crenulate. 

VI. Species of Ceylon, India and Southeastern Asia. 

Opeas gracile, mauritianum and probably some other of 
the widely spread forms, occur in Ceylon, the former also in 
India, east to Tonkin. Nevill, in his Handlist Ind. Mus. i, 
p. 165, lists "Stenogyra (Opeas) nevilli G. Ad." from the 
Dafla Hills. It is undescribed and unknown to me. 

35. 0. SYKESI n. sp. PI. 21, fig. 1, 2. 

Shell perforate, resembling 0. gracile in sculpture but with 
the whorls much shorter, more compactly coiled, more numer- 
ous in shells of the same length. Spire straightly and regu- 
larly tapering to the small apex. Whorls 8^2 to 10, the 
embryonic 1% smooth except for a minute subsutural radial 


158 OPEAS, CEYLON. 

striation, which becoming stronger on the post-embryonic 
whorls produces a fine, irregularly developed crenulation of 
the suture, the latter becoming smooth again lower down. 
Later whorls somewhat flattened. Suture well impressed. 
Aperture vertical, much shorter than in 0. gracile; outer lip 
weakly arcuate, a little arched forward; basal margin well 
arched; columella rather straightened, the edge reflexed. 

Length 11, diam. 3.4, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 8^. 

Length 12.9, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.1 mm. ; whorls 10. 

Ceylon. Types no. 58330 A. N. S. P. 

This form is readily selected from among 0. gracile by 
its short whorls and small, wider mouth, with a deep bay 
where the columella joins the parietal wall. I do not see, in 
the great number of 0. gracile before me, any approach to 
this form. Named for Mr. E. R. Sykes of London. 

36. 0. LAYARDI (Benson) . PI. 4, figs. 19, 20 ; pi. 16, figs. 82, 83. 

Shell imperforate, elongate-turrited, thin, arcuately striat- 
ulate, whitish, covered with a thin, corneous epidermis. Spire 
elongated, the apex obtuse, suture somewhat deep, occasion- 
ally eroded-denticulate. Whorls T 1 /^, convex, the last im- 
pressed behind the columella. Aperture oblique, long-ovate, 
narrow above ; peristome thin, acute ; lip arcuate, the colu- 
mellar margin thickened, moderately twisted. Length 12.5, 
diam. 4 mm.; length of aperture 4, diam. scarcely 2 mm. 
(Bens.). 

Ceylon: Moopana, Bootelle, etc. (Layard). 

Spiraxis layardi BENS., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3 ser.), ix, 
p. 90, 1863. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 190. HANLEY & THEOB., 
Conch. Indica, pi. 79, f. 2, 3. 

This is a form of somewhat uncertain relationships. The 
subtruncate, calloused columella recalls Tortaxis, yet the deli- 
cacy of the shell, its small apex, and the oviparous repro- 
duction, are characters of Opeas. It is probably related to 
0. avenacea Morel., javanicum Bve., etc., which have the 
columella similarly truncate. 

Shell is pale yellowish-corneous, more or less transparent, 
very glossy, with weak sculpture of arcuate growth-wrinkles. 


OPEAS, CEYLON AND TONKIN. 159 

Old shells (fig. 83) become opaque; the upper whorls are 
eroded, and the cuticle is liable to fungoid attack which 
erodes it in dots, often at the suture. When fully adult the 
shell is imperforate and measures, length 11, diam. 4, length 
of aperture 4 mm., whorls iy 2 . Specimens of 8y 2 mm. length, 
rirnate and with obviously immature peristome, often contain 
numerous eggs. The figures on pi. 4 are from the Concho- 
logica'Indica. On plate 16, figs. 82, 83, one of the specimens 
received from Nevill is drawn. 

37. 0. MARLE Jousseaume. PL 19, fig. 21. 

Shell subperforate, long-turrited, rather solid, opaque, ar- 
cuately striate, white, with a yellowish-white cuticle, slightly 
glossy. Spire long, the apex obtuse, suture immersed, crenu- 
late. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last four-ninths the total 
length. Aperture oblong-oval, obliquely truncate above; 
peristome simple, acute, the right margin depressed ajbove, 
nearly straight, coluniellar margin widely dilated and re- 
flexed, partly bounding the perforation. Length 9, diam. 
2 mm. (Jouss.) . 

Ceylon: Kandy (E. Simon), one specimen. 

Opeas maria Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. France vii, 1890, p. 
290, pi. 4, f. 9. 

Unknown to me. Sykes suggests that it may be 0. gracile. 

38. 0. CARINATUM ( Wattebled) . PI. 19, fig. 19. 

Shell imperforate, veiy minute, conic-elongate, the apex 
acute; subpellucid, pale tawny. Whorls 6, a little convex, 
gradually increasing. Suture well marked, bordered above 
by a fine carina which is stronger on the middle of the last 
whorl where it becomes visible to the naked eye. Aperture 
subquadrate; peristome simple, unexpanded and acute, the 
columellar margin arcuate, outer margin angular. Length 
3, diam. 0.75 mm. (WatteUed) . 

Cochin-China: Long-Xuyen. (Capt. Dorr). 

Stenogyra carmata WATTEBL., Journ. de Conch. 1884, p. 
125, pi. 6, f. 1. 

A very small form differing from all other Opeas known by 


160 OPEAS, TONKIN. 

its peripheral keel. The imperforate axis also is unusual in 
this genus, to which the species is referred with some doubt. 

39. 0. FAGOTI Mabille. 

Shell high-subpyramidal. Slender, thin, rather fragile, 
subpellucid, pale buff, rather glossy, ornamented with dense, 
arcuate, subcostulate striae. Spire long, acuminate, the apex 
obtuse, mamillate, glossy, smooth. Whorls 10, gradually and 
regularly increasing, separated by an impressed, very min- 
utely tuberculate suture; the last whorl larger, nearly one- 
third the total length, slowly descending to the aperture, 
compressed basally. Aperture vertical, oblique, narrowed; 
columella slightly arcuate, a little thickened, reaching to the 
base of the aperture; peristome thin, unexpanded; margins 
joined by a very thin callus, forming an inconspicuous um- 
bilical crevice. Outer margin slightly attenuate. Length 21, 
diam. 6 mm. (Mabille). 

Tonkin (Balansa). 

Opeas fagoti MAB., Moll. Tonk. Diagn. p. 10 (May 14, 1887; 
Bull. Soc. Mai. France iv, p. 106. 

This unfigured species may be a Prosopeas. 

40. 0. HEDEIUM Mabille. 

Shell minute, perforate, long-turrite, thin, fragile, corn- 
eous, slightly shining, densely arcuately hair-striate ; apex 
minute, glossy, rather acute. Whorls 9, gradually and regu- 
larly increasing, a little convex, separated by an impressed, 
obscurely marginate and very minutely granulate suture, the 
last whorl subcylindric, inflated, scarcely one-third the length 
of the shell, a little descending to tb aperture. Aperture 
vertical, roundly arcuate at the base ; columella subarcuate, a 
little thickened, calloused, extending to the base ; outer margin 
nearly straight, columellar dilated, half covering the per- 
foration. Length 15, diam. 3 mm. (Mabille). 

Tonkin (Balansa). 

Opcas hedeius MABILLE, Moll. Tonk. diagn., p. 11, 14 May, 
1887; Bull. Soc. Mai. France iv, p. 105. --Opeas hedenes 
Mabille, FISCHER, Catal. et Dist. Geogr. des Moll. terr. etc. 


OPEAS, S.-E. ASIA. 161 

d'un partie de 1'Indo- Chine, p. 36; in Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. 
d'Autun iv, 1891. 

Perhaps this is a well-developed form of 0. gracile, from 
which it seems to differ in being longer and more slender.. 
It has not been figured. 

41. 0. PILIFORME Moellendorff. PI. 19, fig. 22. 

Shell rimate, very slenderly turrite, thin, finely and very 
closely striatulate, glossy, pellucid, whitish; spire gradually 
tapering, the apex a little obtuse. ANTiorls 7y 2 , a little con- 
vex, slowly increasing, separated by a rather impressed suture. 
Aperture moderately oblique, narrowly acuminate-oval; peri- 
stome unexpanded, acute; columellar margin a little thick- 
ened, reflexed. Length 5.5, diam. 1.5 mm. (Mlldff.) 

Samui Is., Gulf of Siam. (C. Koebelen) . 

Opeas filiforme MLLDFF., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 15, 
pi. 16, f. 11. 

"I do not know of any similar small and slender species of 
Opeas. The comparatively great number of whorls shows 
that it is adult." 

42. 0. DIDYMA (Westerlund). PI. 19, fig. 13. 

Shell rimate, subulate, closely, finely striate, the striae 
curved outwardly, vitreous, rather glossy, the apex obtuse. 
Whorls iy 2 , the upper convex, the first subcylindric, the 
rest a little convex, all rather truncate above, separated by 
a deep, margined, crenulate suture which is horizontal above, 
then oblique. Aperture subtrigonal-piriform, obtuse at base, 
the slightly oblique parietal wall forming a deep angle with 
the columella; columellar margin nearly straight, not trun- 
cate at base, reflexed, nearly closing the perforation; right 
margin lightly curved. Length scarcely 8, diam. 2.5 mm. 
(West.} 

Singapore (Vega Exped.). 

Stenogyra didyma WESTERL., Vega-Expeditionens Veten- 
skaplige Arbeten, iv, p. 197, pi. 3, f. 9 (1887) ; Nachrbl. 1883, 
p. 51. 


162 OPEAS, CHINA. 

43. 0. LATEBRICOLA ('Bens.' Reeve) . PI. 19, figs. 20, 23. 

"Shell acuminately oblong, compressly umbilicated, whorls 
6 in number, somewhat rounded, smooth or concentrically 
striated; transparent straw-color, polished. A very delicately 
colored, transparent species." (Eve.} 

Shell subperforate, turrite-oblong, rather thin, striatulate, 
slightly shining, diaphanous, whitish straw-colored. Spire 
turrited, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6 to 6i/2> slightly 
convex, the last a little more than one-third the total length, 
rounded at base; columella somewhat straightened, vertical. 
Aperture vertical, oblong; peristome simple, unexpanded, the 
margins subparallel, columellar margin narrowly reflexed. 
Length 7.33, diam. 3 mm., aperture 2.66 x 1.66 mm. (Pfr., 
from specimen in Coll. Benson) . 

Western Himalayas: Landour, 4-7000 ft, elevation. 

Bulimus latebricola, Bens., REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80, 
f. 572 (Dec. 1849). PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 74, pi. 20, f. 5, 6; 
Monogr. iii, p. 401. HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 
34, pi. 79, f. 7. 

Reeve's original figure is copied, fig. 23 ; also that of Hanley, 
fig. 20. The species is not known to me by specimens. It 
seems to be related to 0. davulinum, or perhaps 0. layardi, 
with which Nevill associates it, Handlist Ind. Mus. 

VII. Chinese Species. 

The material is not extant, outside of the 'collections of 
Heude and Gredler, for a revision of Chinese Opeas. That 
part of the species are identical with those described from 
other regions is probable ; and moreover it seems unlikely that 
ho many distinct species exist. They are illustrated on plates 
19 and 20. 

Opeas gracile is common in at least part of the ports of 

China. Achatina chinensis Pfr., which I have provisionally 

placed in Tortaxis (p. 6), may 'be an Opeas related to 

r<li or javanicum. Bulimus decorticatus Reeve, B. for- 

tunei Pfr. (see p. 34, 35) may also belong to Opeas. 0. pyr- 

in s. & B. (no. 71) has been reported from China. Prob- 


OPEAS, CHINA. 163 

ably 0. clavulinum will be found to include some of the de- 
scribed forms. 

44. 0. SCHENSIENSE Sturany. PI. 19, fig. 18. 

The turrited, yellowish-white shell with nipple-like apex 
consists of 71/2 convex, delicately transversely striate whorls. 
The umbilicus is crevice-like. Length 6.4, diam. 2.1, aper- 
ture 1.8x1.2 mm. (Sturany). 

China: Southwestern Shen-si, in loess of the left bank of 
the Tung-ho river (Obrutschew). 

Opeas schensiense STURANY, Denksch. Kais. Akad. Wis- 
sensch., Wien., Ix, 1901, p. 37, pi. 3, f. 10. 

0. fauvelianum and 0. filare Hde. are related forms. 

45. 0. AMDOANUM Moellendorff. 

Shell minutely rimate, very slenderly turrited, thin, closely 
striatulate, pale straw-colored. Spire much lengthened, very 
slender, regularly tapering. Whorls 121/2, flattened, some- 
what terraced, somewhat angulate at the margined, subcrenu- 
late suture. Aperture narrowly oval, moderately excised; 
peristome unexpanded, acute, the columellar margin shortly 
reflexed, nearly closing the umbilical crevice. Length 11.5, 
diam. 2.1 mm. (Mlldff.) 

China: province Gan-su, between Yu-linguan and Wen- 
hsien ; Dshie-dshou. 

Opeas amdoanum MLLDFF., Annuaire du Musee Zoologique 
de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 390. 

'No similar slender and acute species is known to me, and 
there is none closely related among Heude's species." 

46. 0. TURGIDUM (Gredler). PI. 20, figs. 29, 30, 31. 

Shell subperforate, turrited or conic-fusiform, thin, lightly 
mgulose-striate, the striae arching forward, evanescent above, 
glossy, waxen. Apex obtuse. Whorls 7^/2, convex, the su- 
ture rather deep, last whorl rounded below, one-third the 
total length. Aperture subvertical, narrowly piriform; 
columella subarcuate, vertical, scarcely truncate; columellar 
margin dilated and reflexed above, adnate, gradually taper- 


164 OPEAS, CHINA. 

ing downwards, not truncate ; right margin arching forward, 
joined to the columellar by a very delicate callus. Length 
9, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.) . 

China: Western Yun-tcheu-fu, southern Hunan (Gredler). 

Stenogyra turgida GREDLER, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. viii, 
1881, p. 21, pi. 1, f. 3. HEUDE, Memoires p. 57, pi. 20, f. 22. 
Opeas clavulina P. & M., GREDLER, Malak. Bl. n. F. ix, 
p. 142. 

In a later list (1887) Gredler considered his species to 
be a synonym of 0. clavulinum, with which Dr. Boettger 
identified it; but in Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153, he again allows it 
to stand as a species. The original figure is copied in my 
fig. 31, Heude gives more enlarged views, copied on plate 
20, figs. 29, 30. 

47. 0. NUTANS (Gredler). PI. 20, fig. 32. 

Whorls 10y 2 , while even the large Chinese species such as 
erecta Bs. and mandarina Pfr. have but 8. The putative 
novelty is moreover remarkable for its small diameter, ex- 
cepting the rather inflated and high last whorl, 5 mm. in 
diam., while the visible part of the penult, whorl measures 
only 3 mm. The somewhat bent axis may well be in- 
dividual and abnormal. 

China: western part of the district Yun-tcheu fu. 

Stenogyra (spec. nov. f), GREDLER, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. 
Ges. viii, 1881, p. 22, pi. 1, f. 4. Stenogyra nutans GREDL., 
Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153. Stenogyra (Opeas) nutans Gredl. 
var. macra GREDLER, Zur Conchylien-Fauna von China, xvii 
Stuck, Wien, 1892, p. 7. 

Var. macra Gredler. The shell is distinctly narrower, sut- 
ure more oblique, and the length greater. Alt. 19.5, diam. 
4 mm. 

48. 0. GRACILIUS (Gredler). PI. 20, fig. 33. 

Shell slightly rirnate, very slenderly subulate, thin, irre- 
gularly and closely wrinkle-striatulate, the striae arching for- 
ward, disappearing above; hyaline, rather glossy, the apex 
obtuse. Whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last 


OPEAS, CHINA. 165 

rounded at the base. Aperture slightly oblique, small, long- 
oval; colurnellar margin lightly arcuate, a little dilated, not 
truncate. Length 8, diani. 1.66, aperture 1.75 mm. long. 
(Gredl). 

China: Hunan, very likely on the Ape Mountain (Fuchs) ; 
Kuang-si. 

Stenogyra gracilior GREDL., Jahrb. d. M. Ges. viii, p. 117, 
pi. 6, 'f. 3; Nachrbl. 1890, p. 153. Opeas pyrgula A. Ad., 
GREDL., Malak. Bl. ix, 1887, p. 142. 

An extremely slender shell, which Gredler subsequently 
referred to 0. pyrgula A. Ad., I think erroneously. It is 
certainly related to 0. filaris Hde. 

49. 0. VESTITUM (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 34, 35. 

Shell oblong-turriculate, covered-perforate, covered with a 
silky epidermis, whitish, striatulate. Spire long-conic; 
whorls 8, regularly increasing, joined by a slightly impressed 
suture, the last whorl less than a third the total length. 
Aperture obliquely piriform, sinuated, the columellar margin 
dilated, a little reflexed, umbilicus very narrow. Length, 
14, diam. 3.5 mm. (Hde.} . 

China: Shanghai and ravines at Song-kiang, quite com- 
mon. (Hde.}. 

Stenogyra vestita HDE., Notes sur les Mollusques terrestres 
de la Vallee du Fleuve Bleu, Memoires concernant 1'Histoire 
Naturelle de 1'Empire Chinois, p. 55, pi. 17, f. 26 (1882). 

50. 0. HYEMALE (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 36, 37. 

Shell turriculate-elongate, covered with a brownish, silky 
cuticle, striatulate, pellucid ; spire conic, the apex rather ob- 
tuse, whorls 7, flattened, joined by a scalar suture, the last 
whorl more than half the total length. Aperture oval, colu- 
mellar margin nearly equal to the outer lip, subarcuate, a 
little reflexed; umbilicus very narrow. Length 8.5, diam. 
2.5mm. (Hde}. 

China : high on the mountains of Kiun-tcheu, Hupe. 

Stenogyra hyemalis HEUDE, Mem., p. 56, pi. 17, f. 25. 


166 OPEAS, CHINA. 

51. 0. FILARE (Heude). PI. 20, figs. 38, 39. 

Shell subpellucid, striatulate, slightly ta wny- whitish ; spire 
filar and scalar, whorls 7, a little flattened, and separated by 
an impressed suture; the last whorl half the total length. 
Aperture rounded at base, narrow, the columellar margin 
straight, short; outer margin strongly oblique, the umbilicus 
very narrow. Length 7, diam. 2 mm. (Hde.). 

China: Limestone rocks of the mountains of Ning-kuo fu; 
two specimens (Hde.}. 

Stenogyra filaris HDE., Mem. p. 56, pi. 17, f. 27. 

Related to 0. gracilior and 0. pyrgula. 

52.. 0. FUNICULAEE (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 40. 

Shell turriculate-filar, glossy whitish, striatulate. Spire 
long, acute. Whorls 7, rather flattened, separated by a wide 
and quite deep suture, regularly increasing, very oblique, the 
last less in length than the rest of the shell. Aperture regu- 
larly oval, rather acute above; columellar margin very short, 
a little dilated and reflexed over the narrow umbilicus. 
Length 9, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.}. 

China: Shanghai and at Song-kiang fu, quite abundant 
(Hde.}. 

Stenogyra funicularis HDE., Mem. p. 56, pi. 17, f. 28. 

53. 0. NANKINGENSE (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 41. 

Shell turriculate-conic, white, pellucid, striatulate; spire 
long, rather obtuse ; whorls 7, regularly increasing, joined by 
a scalar suture, the last as long as the others taken together. 
Aperture rounded-rectangular, the lateral margins subpar- 
allel, a little unequal, columellar margin rather wide, dilated 
over the umbilicus. Length 8.5, diam. 2.5 mm. Animal 
yellowish- white (Hde. } . 

China: hills below Nanking, very rare. 

Stenogyra nankingensis HDE., Mem. p. 57, pi. 17, f. 24. 

54. 0. LUCIDULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 42. 

Shell turriculate-conic, pellucid corneous, striatulate ; spire 


OPEAS, CHINA. 167 

obtuse ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, a little convex, joined 
by a deep suture, the last half the total length. Aperture 
squarish-rounded, the lateral margins subparallel, subequal, 
lower margin slightly arcuate, umbilicus narrow. Length 
7.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.). 

China: on the city wall of Ning-kuo fu, very rare. 

Stenogyra lucidula HDE., Mem., p. 58, pi. 17, f. 23. 

Described from one specimen. 

55. 0. LAPILLINUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 43. 

Shell turriculate-conic, pellucid, striatulate; spire obtuse; 
whorls 6, a little flattened, joined by a deep suture, regularly 
increasing, the last half the total length. Aperture widely 
oval, lateral margins unequal, the columellar margin short, 
narrow, subarcuate, the outer margin straightened, long, 
basal margin widely arcuate, unibilicus narrow. Length 8, 
diam. 2.5 mm. (Ede.). 

China: hills of Song-kiang, rare. 

Stenogyra lapillina HDE., Mem. p. 58, pi. 17, f. 22. 

"It is less swollen than the preceding, and the angle of 
the columellar with the upper margin is decidedly more 
rounded. ' ' 

56. 0. SPOLIATUM (Heude). PL 20, fig. 44. 

Shell turriculate-conic, whitish, subpellucid, striatulate ; 
spire obtuse; whorls 6, convex, joined by a subscalar suture, 
the last whorl as long as the rest of the spire. Aperture 
quadrate-oval, the columellar margin narrow, straight, and 
forms nearly a right angle with the basal margin ; basal mar- 
gin oblique, slightly arcuate; outer margin nearly straight; 
umbilicus narrow. Length 7.5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Hde.). 

China: Shanghai, not common. 

Stenogyra spoliata HDE., Mem. p. 58, pi. 17, f. 21. 

"It approaches S. lucidula; the last whorl is larger, the 
mouth wider, and the columellar margin narrower and long. 

57. 0. INFLATULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 45. 

Shell conic-ovoid, rather solid, white, striatulate; spire 


168 OPEAS, CHINA. 

conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, joined by a scalar, impressed suture, 
at first regularly increasing, the last whorl swollen and 
greater than half the total length. Aperture oval-piriform, 
quite narrow; outer margin nearly straight, basal margin 
obliquely convex, columellar margin short and dilated above 
over the very narrow umbilicus. Length 6, diam. 2.5 mm. 
(Hde.). 

China : south of Ning-kuo f u, on ruined walls and stones. 

Stenogyra inflatula HDE., Mem. p. 59, pi. 17, f. 20. 

58. 0. TURGIDULUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 46. 

Shell ovoid-conic, pellucid- whitish, striatulate; spire short, 
obtuse; whorls 5, joined by a scalar suture, the first three 
slowly, fourth and fifth more rapidly increasing. Fifth 
whorl ample, two-thirds the total length, and very much 
swollen. Aperture quadrate-oblong, the sides unequal, outer 
margin longer, straightened, basal margin slightly convex, 
columellar margin short, dilated, forming nearly a right angle 
with the basal. Umbilicus narrow. Length 5.5, diam. 2.5 
mm. (Hde.). 

China: Shanghai and hills of Song-kiang fu, common. 

Stenogyra turgidida HDE., Mem. p. 59, pi. 17, f. 19. 

"This Stenogyre is quite common in Shanghai and its en- 
virons. It is the most egg-shaped of our species. The whorls 
are more oblique to the axis than those of S. inflatula." 

59. 0. AUBRYANUM (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 47. 

Shell small, fragile, ovate-conic; spire acute; whorls 7, 
joined by an impressed scalar suture; epidermis dirty, but 
slightly adherent. Aperture straight, oval, the columellar 
margin straight. Length 11, diam. 5 mm. 

Stenogyra a., HEUDE, Mem., p. 117, pi. 30, f. 18. 

China: Province Koue-tcheou. 

60. 0. UTRICULUS (Heude). PI. 20, fig. 48. 

Shell small, fragile, glassy-pellucid, conic-pupoid, the spire 
attenuate, whorls 6, subinflated, joined by an impressed sut- 
ure, the last whorl half the total length. Aperture straight, 


OPEAS, CHINA. 169 

rhombic, the columellar margin straight. Length 9, diam. 
4.5 mm. 

Stenogyra u., HEUDE, Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 19. 

China: Tchen-k'eou. 

61. 0. FARGESIANUM (Heude). PL 19, fig. 11. 

Shell small, elongate-conic, subpellucid, spire conic, whorls 
7, a little swollen, regularly increasing. Aperture straight, 
columellar margin short, straight. Length 10, width 2 mm. 
(Hde.). 

China: Tchen-k'eou. 

Stenogyra f., HDE., Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 20. 

62. 0. PAUVELIANUM (Heude). PI. 19, fig. 12. 

Shell small, turriculate-conic ; spire acute; whorls 7, flat- 
tened, joined by a subimpressed suture, regularly increasing; 
aperture straight, small; columellar margin very short, di- 
lated. Length 9, diam. 2 mm. (Hde.). 

China: Han-k'eou (A. Fauvel) ; Yong-tcheou fu (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra f., HDE., Mem. p. 117, pi. 30, f. 21. 

63. 0. SETCHUANENSE (Heude). PI. 19, fig. 17. 

Shell thin, fragile, 'covered with a worn cuticle, long-conic; 
spire acute, whorls 8, regularly increasing, inflated, joined by 
an impressed suture. Aperture straight, narrow; columellar 
margin straight, dilated, subreflexed. Length 14, diam. 5 
mm. (Hde.}. 

China: Koue-tcheou fu, quite abundant. 

Stenogyra s., HDE., Mem. p. 118, pi. 30, f. 17. 

64. 0. HUNANENSE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 14. 

Shell turrited-cylindric, subperforate, obtusely and not 
regularly striate, glossy, pellucid, whitish-corneous. Whorls 
91/2 to 10, a little convex, joined by an impressed suture, 
gradually increasing, the last moderate in size. Aperture 
tetragonal-ovate, columella rather straight, twisted, narrowly 
arcuate at the base, not subtruncate, the columellar margin 
reflexed, free, not adnate. Length 15 to 16, diam. 3.5 mm.; 
penult, whorl 2, last whorl 3 mm. high. (Gredl.). 


170 OPEAS, CHINA. 

China: province Hunan (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra (Opeas} hunanensis GREDL., Archiv f. Natur- 
geschichte 1., 1884, p. 271, pi. 19, f. 3. 

According to Gredler it differs from 8. nutans by the 
smaller size, the last whorl not dilated, and the vertical 
columella. It is characterized among Chinese species by the 
cylindric form and the size, which is exceeded by S. nutans 
only. 

65. 0. KUANGSIENSE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 15. 

Very similar to S. hunanensis, but more slender, long-tur- 
rite, more strongly and regularly striate, especially at the 
more sloping and impressed suture, glossy, waxy-whitish. 
Whorls 8%, rather flat, very slightly terraced at the sutures, 
regularly increasing, the last whorl slightly widened. Aper- 
ture narrow, long-ovate, subperpendicular ; columella arcuate, 
converging to the base, slightly truncate, outer margin of the 
peristome straight behind the middle, a little inflexed. 
Length 14, diam. 3 mm. (Gredl.}. 

China: northeastern part of the province Kuang-si. 

Stenogyra, (Opeas) kiiangsiensis GREDL., Archiv f. Naturg. 
1, 1884, p. 272, pi. 19, f. 4. 

Stands so near to 0. hunanus [hunanensis] that it can be 
distinguished only by comparison. The more slender shape, the 
less breadth of the upper and middle whorls especially, are 
conspicuous. It is also less conically turrited, more fusiform 
than hunanus, the whorls are flatter and the suture less im- 
pressed. It is smaller than hunanensis and has a whorl less. 
( Gredler} . 

66. 0. ARCTISPIRALE (Gredler). PI. 19, fig. 16. 

Shell small, subperforate, subulate, very densely hair- 
striatulate, with a silken luster, whitish (?). Whorls 10, a 
little convex, slowly increasing, twice as wide as high, the 
last and penultimate whorls subequal. Aperture tetragonal- 
ovate, short ; columella a little arcuate, the columellar margin 
narrowly expanded, scarcely adnate. Length 9, diam. 2.33 
mm. (Gredl.}. 


OPEAS, CHINA. 171 

China: Patong, in southwestern Hupe (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) arctispira GREDLER, Arehiv f. Naturg. 
\, 1884, p. 273, pi. 19, f. 5; not of Martens, 1867. Opeas 
arctispiralis GREDL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.) ix, p. 142. 

A small and slender, acuminate-turrited species, character- 
ized by the close convolution of its 10 whorls and the low 
mouth, scarcely higher than the penult, whorl. The fine 
thread-lite striation, which it shares with several Chinese 
species, dims its gloss and gives the cuticle a silky appear- 
ance (Gredler). 

67. 0. PELLITUM (Gredler). 

Shell perforate, turriculate, densely and strongly striate, 
pale-corneous tout clothed with a brownish hair-striate, silky 
epidermis, the apex smooth and rather obtuse; spire acute. 
Whorls 8y 2 , the first 4 convex, small, the rest gradually in- 
creasing, high and flatter, joined by an oblique, impressed 
suture. Aperture narrow, long-ovate, the columellar mar- 
gin dilated, a little reflexed, the outer lip rather inflexed. 
Length 10.5, width 2.5 mm. (Gredl.). 

China: district of Yin-tcheu-fu, Hunan (Fuchs). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) pellita GREDL., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. 
Ges. xi, 1884, p. 147. 

Comparable in aspect with a large Stenogyra gracilior or 
a small funicularis. From the figure of the last, pellita 
differs in having the last whorl less inflated. The shell is 
clothed with a transversely striate, fibrous, brownish 
epidermis. 

68. 0. HEUDEI n. sp. PI. 24, fig. 30. 

Shell rimate, turrite, regularly tapering, the sides straight ; 
thin, faintly yellowish-corneous, glossy, weakly wrinkle-stri- 
ate. "Whorls 7i/ 2 , moderately convex, the suture deeply im- 
pressed. Aperture ovate, contained about 3y 2 times in the 
length of the shell. Columella slightly concave, rather broadly 
reflexed above. Length 8.5, diam. 2.7, aperture 2.5 mm. 

China: Hangchow, type loc., and Soochow (Hirase). 

This species has a smaller apex and more slender, tapering 
spire than 0. clavulinum or its Japanese form, kyotoense, but 


172 OPE AS, JAPAN. 

has about the same size and sculpture. It is slightly more 
distinctly striate than 0. mauritianum var. prestoni. 0. gra- 
cile is much more strongly striate. While there would seem 
to be enough Chinese species described to satisfy anybody, 
still I can find none agreeing well with these shells. The 
Soochow specimens are more slender, length 8.5, diam. 2.5 
mm., with 8 whorls. 

VIII. Japanese Species. 

Besides the species described below 0. gracile occurs in the 
southern islands of the Japanese Empire. 0. javanicum has 
been found by von Martens at Tokyo; and A. Adams has 
reported 0. fortunei and 0. juncea. The identity of the 
latter two is doubtful. Nevill reports a Stenogyra (Opeas) 
dubia A. Ad. from Japan (Handlist Ind. Mus., i, 164), but 
it is undescribed. 

69. 0. SATSUMENSE n. sp. PI. 18, figs. 8, 9. 

The shell is imperforate or nearly so, turrite-conic with 
straight lateral outlines, thin, greenish-corneous, subtranslu- 
cent. The surface has a moderate gloss, and is rather weakly 
and very irregularly striate, there being rather coarse, low 
wave-like wrinkles with narrower ripples over and among 
them, all strongly arcuate; the base is much smoother. 
Whorls 7!/2, much flattened, especially the later ones. Suture 
narrow and well impressed. The aperture is narrow and 
piriform, the outer lip thin, arched forward above, the basal 
margin retracted. Columella straight and vertical, not reach- 
ing the base, the margin below it bending to the left and re- 
tracted; columellar margin is reflexed and closely adnate in 
adults, a very narrow perforation existing in the young. 

Length 9.8, diam. 3.3, aperture 3.8 mm. 

Japan: Kaimonzan, Satsuma (Y. Hirase). 

A much more conic shell than 0. gracile, and less sharply, 
less regularly striate. The excised base of the columella 
reminds one of 0. javanicum and its allies, which however 
are not otherwise closely related. 0. kyotoense differs by its 
distinct perforation and the shape of the aperture. 


OPEAS, JAPAN. 173 

70. 0. BREVISPIRA Pilsbry. PI. 21, fig. 7. 

Shell perforate, oblong, very short for the genus, corneous, 
translucent, glossy, weakly, wrinkle-striate, the strije arcuate. 
Spire short, regularly tapering to the obtuse apex. Whorls 
5^, moderately convex. Aperture long, rhombic-ovate, the 
outer lip arched forward in the middle, columellar lip re- 
flexed, net adnate except at the insertion, columella straight. 
Length 6, diam. 3, length of aperture 2.6 mm. 

Opeas brevispira PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1904, p. 637. 

Japan: Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase) ; Sakura Island, 
in Kagoshima Bay. 

Similar to 0. kyotoensis in the obtuse apex, open perfora- 
tion, bright gloss and striation, but differing in being very 
much shorter and broader. The short contour is quite un- 
usual in this genus. It needs comparison with 0. turgidulum 
and 0. utriculus Heude, of China, one of which may prove to 
be identical with brevispira. Opeas opella is also allied. 

71. 0. PYRGULA Schm. & Bttg. PI. 21, figs. 8, 9, 10. 

Shell moderately rimate, slender, subulate, thin, glossy, 
hyaline ; spire regularly elongate-turrite, apex rather obtuse. 
Whorls 7y 2 , very slowly increasing, very slightly convex, 
separated by a deep, subcrenulate suture, irregularly striate, 
the stria 1 deeply curved, stronger below the suture; the last 
whorl flattened, rounded peripherally, one-fourth the alt. of 
the shell. Aperture subvertical, the base a little receding, 
elongate-rhomboidal, or oblong and angular at both ends. 
Peristome simple, acute, the margin above rather straightly 
descending, slightly rounded forward, below a little curved. 
Length 8, diam. 2%, alt. apert. 2%, width 1% mm. 
(S. & Bttg.} 

Japan: Kobe (Maltzan, type loc.) ; Hirado, Hizen; Kas- 
hima, Harima; Kyoto; Sado I.; Tsukiyashi, Mino (Y. Hirase). 
Chichijima, Bonin Is. (Hirase), South Cape, Formosa. 
China: Macao, Yanghu near Fuchow, Hunan and Hainan 
(Schmacker). 

Opeas pyrgula (A. Ad.) SCHMACKER & BOETTGER, 


174 OPEAS, EAST INDIES. 

Nachrichtsblatt. D. Malak. Ges. 1891, p. 179, 180. ? Opeas 
pyrgula A. ADAMS, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1868, i, p. 459 (nude 
name; no locality). MLLDFF., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. liv., pt. 
2, 1885, p. 61 (no description). 

The shell is very narrow. The last two or three whorls 
are much flattened, only slightly convex, but parted by deep 
sutures which are more or less crenulated in places by short 
slender stria? below them, the rest of the surface being only 
rather weakly wrinkle-striate. The columella is concave, 
Avidely reflexed above. The outer lip is only very weakly 
arched forward. Specimens measure: 

Length 9, diam. 2.1, aperture 2.3 mm., whorls 7y 2 . Hirado. 

Length 7, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 7. Mino. 

Well distinguished by its club-like shape, narrower than 
()[>eas gracile, and by the deep, weakly crenulate suture, 
separating somewhat flattened whorls. The aperture 
is longer than in related forms. Fig. 8 is from Kashima, 
Harima; figs. 9 and 10 from Chichijirna (Peel Island), in 
the Bonin group. 

IX. East Indian species : Sumatra, Java, Celebes and the 
Moluccas, etc.; New Caledonia. 

Opeas gracile occurs throughout this region, and 0. javani- 
c-uin is widely distributed in the northern islands. 

72. 0. DENSESPIBATUM (Mousson). 

Shell subumbilicate, .shortly turrite, rudely and irregularly 
transversely striate, the striae oblique and straight, and 
marked with other very minute, interrupted, decussating 
strias, covered with a pale, opaque cuticle. Spire truncate- 
involute, rather acute; suture much impressed. Whorls 7~y 2 , 
convex, the last one-third the length of the spire, tapering. 
Aperture oblique, long-ovate; peristome unexpanded, acute; 
onlcr margin straight, rather remote above, basal regularly 
arcuate, columellar long, straight, widely reflexed over the 
narrow umbilicus. Length 18, diam. 6.5 mm. (Mouss.} 

Java: near Buitenzorg, very rare (Zollinger). 

Bulimus densespiratus Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1857, 


OPEAS, EAST INDIES. 175 

p. 159. Stenogyra d., MARTS., Ostas. Zool. p. 374; Pfr., 
Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 320 (but by error "8. densestriata 
Mss." in index, p. 596). Acicula fusiformis Hasselt, on un- 
published plate 14, fig. 2, according to von Martens. 

"Similar to arctispira, but with the same number of 
whorls it is larger, with fine spiral strise, the last whorl one- 
third the total length" (Marts.). 

* 

73. O. ARCTISPIRA (Martens). PL 19, fig. 25. 

Shell rimate, conic-turrite, lightly striatulate, eostulate at 
the suture, rather glossy, apex somewhat acute. Whorls 8, 
gradually increasing, obese, a little convex, parted by a mod- 
erately impressed suture, the last whorl slightly larger than 
the penultimate, rounded, somewhat flattened basally. Aper- 
ture nearly vertical, rhombic-ovate, small, less than a third the 
total length; columellar margin perpendicular, reflexed 
above, tapering towards the base, not truncate. Length 7, 
diam. 3, aperture 1x1.5 mm. (v. Marts.) 

Java: Anjer, on Sunda Strait (Marts.) ; Buitenzorg 
(Zollinger). 

Stenogyra arctispira MARTS., Ostas. Zool., ii, p. 374, pi. 22, 
f. 10 (1867). Bulimus arctispirus Marts., PFR. Monogr. vi, 
p. 102. 

"Distinguished from all Indian species known to me by 
the slow increase of the whorls, which are always much wider 
than high. In this feature it finds a parallel only in the 
somewhat larger American Stenogyra caraccasensis." 

74. 0. KEMENSE (Sarasin). PI. 19, fig. 27. 

Shell conic, turrite, obese, obtuse above, very narrowly 
umbilicate, thin and glossy. Whorls 6y 2 , lightly convex, 
rather rapidly increasing, separated by a deeply cut suture, 
the last whorl ventricose, fully half the shell's length, and 
about double that of the penult whorl. Aperture vertical, 
narrowly pirif orm ; peristome acute, the ends connected by a 
thin callus in some specimens, the columellar margin vertical 
and thickened, slightly twisted, reflexed. Sculpture a very 
fine arcuate striation. Color white with a yellowish tone. 
Length 8, diam. 4 mm.; length 7.75, diam. 3.75 mm. 


176 OPEAS, EAST INDIES. 

The animal contained very large yellowish eggs. 

Celebes: Kema, in the northern part. 

Stenogyra (Opeas) kemensis P. et F. SARASIN, Die Land- 
Mollusken von Celebes, p. 145, pi. 26, f. 269 (shell), pi. 31, 
f. 306 (radula). 

''This species is nearly related to 0. ternatana Bttg., but 
much smaller and relatively decidedly more ventricose. " It 
has much the contour of Curvella. 

75. 0. TERNATANUM Boettger. PI. 19, fig, 24. 

Similar to a gigantic Opeas clavulinum, but the shell is 
more conic, the apex more acute. Shell shortly rimate, conic- 
turrited, ventricose, thin, corneous-yellowish, slightly shin- 
ing. Spire conic-turrite, the sides slightly convex, apex 
acute. Whorls 7, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, 
separated by a linear, impressed suture ; arcuately striatulate, 
more distinctly so at the sutures ; the last whorl rather tumid, 
two-fifths the shell's length. Aperture perpendicular, nar- 
rowly piriform; columella vertical, straightened; slightly 
thickened or twisted in the middle; peristome simple, acute, 
the margins joined by a callous, right margin arcuately 
protracted, basal margin receding, columellar margin spread- 
ing and slightly thickened. Length 12.5 to 13.5, diam. 5.25 
to 5.5, alt. apert. 5.5, width 3 mm. Alt. to diam. as 1 : 2.42 ; 
alt. aperture to alt. of shell as 1: 2.36 (Bttg.) 

Moluccas: Ternate. 

Opeas ternatanum BTTG., Bericht Senck. naturforsch. 
Gesellsch. 1891, p. 273, pi. 3, f. 13. 

Similar large and obese forms are foreign to the Moluccas. 
The very dull oily luster of the living shell agrees better 
with Opeas than with Hapalus ; but by von Martens it is re- 
ferred to the latter genus. 

76. 0. ACULEUS (Tapperone Canefri). 

Shell very similar to panayensis, but much narrower and 
longer; whorls 10 or 10y 2 , plano-convex, separated by a deep, 
channelled suture, the last whorl shorter, a half longer than 
the penultimate (T. C.) 


OPEAS, LOMBOCK AND NEW CALEDONIA. 177 

Moluccas: Axnboina (Dr. Beccari). 

Stenogyra, aculeus T. C., Annali Mus. Civ. Geneva xx, p. 
144, 1884. 

77. 0. SOROR (Smith). PI. 16, fig. 84. 

Shell turrite, rimate, corneous-pellucid, glossy, sculptured 
with oblique, flexuous growth striae; spire subgradate, obtuse 
at the apex. Whorls 7, very convex, slowly increasing. Ap- 
erture straight, inversely auriform, about one-third the total 
length; peristome thin, the outer lip arcuately projecting, 
columellar lip reflexed, obliquely subtruncate below. Length 
11, diani. nearly 4 mm. (Smith). 

Lombock I. 

Subulina (Nothus) soror E. A. SMITH, Proe. Malac. Soc. 
Lond. iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 15 (April, 1898). 

"Very like 8. simplex Guppy from Trinidad in form, but 
not so strongly sculptured. Stenogyra semperi Hid. from 
Mindanao is also an allied species." 

78. 0. BREVIUS (Smith). PL 16, fig. 85. 

Shell 'Covered-perforate, turrited, thin, pellucid, corneous, 
glossy, sculptured with growth striae. Spire moderately 
lengthened, obtuse at the apex; whorls 6, conspicuously con- 
vex. Aperture inversely auriform, scarcely one-third the 
total length; peristome thin, the outer margin arching for- 
ward; eolurnella lightly thickened, reflexed, slightly truncate 
obliquely or somewhat twisted below. Length 9, diam. 4 
mm. (Smith). 

Lombock Island (A. Everett). 

Subulina, (Nothus) brevior E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. 
London iii, p. 30, pi. 2, f. 16 (April, 1898). 

"Shorter and proportionally broader than 8. soror, with a 
more indistinct columellar truncation or oblique basal fold or 
twist." 

79. 0. PRONYENSE (Gassies). PI. 24, fig. 33. 

Shell very minute, imperforate, pale corneous, translucent, 
thin, diaphanous, glossy, longitudinally delicately striatulate. 


178 OPEAS, NEW CALEDONIA, PHILIPPINE IS. 

Whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last form- 
ing half the total length; suture deep, apex rather obtuse. 
Aperture ovate-rounded; columella arcuate, calloused above, 
slightly spreading below ; peristome continuous, simple, acute. 
Length 3.5, diam. 2 mm. (Gass}. 

New Caledonia: Prony Bay (Rossiter). 

Bulimus (Subulina) pronyensis GASS. Journ. de ConchyL 
1879, p. 126; Fauna Conchyliologique terr. et fluv. de la 
Nouvelle-Caledonie iii, 1880, p. 43, pi. 3, f. 18 (in Actes Soc. 
Linn, de Bordeaux, vol. 34) . 

A single specimen, now in Gassies' collection was found 
inside the shell of Diplomplialus megei. Its most prominent 
feature is the callous thickening of the parietal wall near the 
posterior angle of the aperture, which if normal indicates 
that the species is not an Opeas. 

80. 0. BLANCHARDIANUM (Gassies). PL 24, fig. 33a. 

Shell imperforate, elongate, thin, corneous, pale, covered 
with a very thin cuticle, very minutely striated longitudin- 
ally. Whorls 8, rounded, gradually increasing, the apex 
papillar, the last whorl angulate at the base; suture deep, 
crenulate. Aperture ovate, columellar margin covering the 
umbilical crevice. Peristome simple, slightly thickened. 
Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm., diam. at summit 1.5 mm. (Gass.). 

New Caledonia: in the interior (coll. Raynal). 

Bulimus blanchardianus GASS., Fauna Conch. Nouvelle- 
Caledonie, 1863, p. 53, pi. 6, f. 1. Subulina f Uanchardiana 
Gass., CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1894, p. 300. 

"It is especially remarkable for the nearly right-angled 
lower margin. ' ' A form known only by the original descrip- 
tion and figure which may have been based upon a broken 
or abnormal shell, or possibly upon a marine form. 

For other New Caledonian species see under 0. gracile. 

X. Philippine and Caroline Island Species. 

81. 0. SEMPERI (Hidalgo). PI. 19, fig. 28. 

Shell slightly perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, lightly striatu- 
late, pellucid, glossy, corneous. Spire elongated, the apex 


OPEAS, PHILIPPINE IS. 179 

rather obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls T 1 /^, convex, the last 
one-third the total length. Coluniella narrow, vertical, a 
little reflexed above. Aperture vertical, ovate-sub truncate, 
basally rounded; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 
10.5, diam. 3.5 mm. (Hid.}. 

Mainit, Mindanao. 

Stenoyyra, semperi HID., Journ. de Conchyl. 1888, p. 36, 
pi. 6, f. 3. 

A specimen before me seems to be a short, stout Opeas, 
not unlike some forms of Japan and China. The outer lip 
is strongly arched forward. The vertical columella shows, in 
some specimens, a barely noticeable oblique truncation be- 
low. The species seems closely related to 0. ternatanum 
Bttg., a larger and more distinctly truncate species. It is 
more obese than 0. mauritianum. 

82. 0. PILOSUM (Semper). 

Shell conic-turrited, covered perforate, densely and very 
minutely striate, encircled with hair-bearing spiral lines, the 
hairs very minute ; apex rather acute. Whorls 6, slowly in- 
creasing, slightly convex, the last tapering below. Aperture 
subvertical, long-ovate ; columellar margin straight, rather 
broadly reflexed at the insertion, over the very narrow um- 
bilicus. Length 10, diam. 4, aperture 4x2 mm. (Semper}. 

Luzon : Mt. Mariveles near Manila, at 2-3000 ft, 

Stenogyra pilosa SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Land- 
Moll., p. 138. 

Distinguished by the hairs on the fine and close spiral lines, 
which are so small as to be visible under the lens only in a 
good light. 

83. 0. MONTANUM (Semper). 

Shell ovate-oblong, the apex rather obtuse, covered perfor- 
ate, smooth, glossy, very pale-corneous. Whorls 6, convex, 
the last about two-fifths the total length, base rounded. 
Aperture ovate-tetragonal, the columellar margin straight, 
broadly reflexed, nearly closing the narrow umbilicus. 
Length 5.5, dia<m. 2.33, aperture 2x1 mm. (Setup.*). 


180 OPE AS, PHILIPPINE IS. 

Luzon: Mt. Arayat and Antipole Mts. 

? Stenogyra montana SEMP., Reisen p. 139. 

84. 0. ARAYATENSE (Semper). 

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, the apex obtuse, pellucid, 
very smooth, glossy. Whorls 7, rounded, gradually increas- 
ing, the base of the last rounded, one-third the total length. 
Aperture ovate- trigonal, subvertical, the columellar margin 
inflexed at base, strongly reflexed at the insertion. Length 
8, diani. 3, aperture 2.5x1.5 nun. (Semp.). 

Luzon: Mt. Arayat, 

f Stenogyra arayatensis SEMPER, Reisen p. 139. 

85. 0. MINUTUM (Semper). 

Shell ovate-conic, glossy, diaphanous, waxen, covered per- 
forate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y 2 , nearly flat, the last one- 
third the total length. Aperture ovate-oblong; columellar 
margin widely reflexed at the insertion. Length 5, diani. 2, 
aperture 1.5x1 mm. (Semp.) 

Luzon: Mt. Arayat. 

Stenogyra minuta SEMPER, Reisen p. 139. 

86. 0. HEXAGYRUM Boettger. PI. 19, fig. 26. 

Shell small, rimate, cylindric-turrite, thin, glossy, hyaline ; 
spire high-turrited, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, very slowly 
increasing, planulate, separated by a deep, very narrowly 
hair-line margined suture, striatulate, the striae deeply 
curved ; the last whorl slightly subangular at the periphery, 
two-sevenths the shell's length, the base sloping. Aperture 
oblique, the base strongly receding, suboval, angular at both 
ends; peristome simple, acute, the upper margin straight- 
ened, roundly protracted above, lower margin moderately 
curved, forming a subacute angle with the columella, which 
is lightly reflexed above over the umbilical chink. Length 5, 
<li;im. 1.r>, aperture 1.5 x .75 mm. (Bttg.). 

Cebu: Monte Licos (Mlldff.). 

Opeas hcxagyrum BTTG., Bericht Senckenb. Ges. 1890, p. 
248, pi. 8, f. 11. 


OPEAS, PHILIPPINE IS. 181 

"No similar small slender blunt-spired forms are known 
to me in this genus." (Bttg.). It resembles 0. pyrgula 
very closely in shape, but is smaller and a little more deeply 
striate. 

87. 0. NITIDUM Quadras et Moellendorff. 

Shell rimate, slenderly fusiform, thin, pellucid, very lightly 
striatulate, very glossy, yellowish; spire gradually tapering, 
the apex obtuse. Whorls 6y 2 , planulate, separated by a very 
deeply impressed, subinarginate, subcrenulate suture. Aper- 
ture nearly vertical, roundly rhomboidal; peristorne thin, 
acute, the outer margin strongly arched forward; columellar 
margin dilated above, reflexed. Length 6.5, diam. 2 mm. 
(Mlldjf.). 

Northern Luzon: villages of Lallo and Sanchez Mira 
(Quadras). 

Opeas nitidum Q. & M., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. Nov.-Dec. 
1893, p. 177. 

88. 0. SUBCRENULATUM Moellendorff. 

Shell rimate, slenderly subfusiform, thin, subpellucid, very 
closely but distinctly striatulate, silky, pale-yellowish. Spire 
gradually tapering, slender, the apex obtuse. Whorls Q 1 /^, 
a little convex, flattened in the middle, more distinctly striate 
at the deeply impressed suture. Aperture a little oblique, 
rounded- rhomboidal, the peristome unexpanded, acute; colu- 
mellar margin reflexed, appressed. Light 11.5, diam. 3 mm. 
(Mlldff.). 

Caramuan, Camarines province. 

Opeas siibcrenulatum Mlldff., Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. xxvii, 
July- Aug. 1895, p. 118. 

89. 0. PEUINOSUM Moellendorff. 

Shell slightly rimate, a little ventricosely turrite, covered 
with very short and very deciduous membranous scales; 
silky, pale grayish-straw colored. Spire turrite, with slightly 
convex sides, the apex rather obtuse, whorls 9, a little con- 
vex, separated by a rather deep suture. Aperture vertical, 


182 OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 

subrhomboidal, the peristome unexpanded, acute, the right 
margin arched forward, columellar margin reflexed, ap- 
pressed. Length 12.75, diarn. 4.75 mm. (Mlldff.} 

Caroline Is.: Ponape (Kubary). 

Opeas pruinosum MLLDFF., Journ. of Malacol. vii, 1900, 
p. 114. 

"This species belongs to the group of 0. clavulinum 
P. & M. but is well characterized by the curious sculpture 
which gives it a somewhat hoary aspect." 

90. 0. KUSAIENSE Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 16, figs. 89, 90, 91. 

Shell perforate or rimate, turrited-conic, rather short, with 
nearly straight lateral outlines, olivaceous-corneous, a little 
translucent, often more or less varied with white spots and 
dots; not glossy, but having a silky luster. Sculpture of 
very close, fine, deeply cut, strongly arcuate stria?. Whorls 
7 to 7%, quite convex, parted by a well-impressed suture, the 
last whorl rounded below. Aperture ovate-rhombic. Colu- 
mella concave in the middle, somewhat protruding below, 
where it tapers or is obliquely subtruncate. Columellar mar- 
gin reflexed as usual. Length 9.5, diam. 3.6, length aperture 
3.4 mm. 

Length 10.3, diarn. 3.8, length aperture 4 mm. 

Caroline Is.: Kusaie (L. M. McCormick). 

A stouter, more compact shell than 0. javanicum, but with 
similar sculpture. 0. pruinosum Mlldff. is doubtless closely 
related, but is larger with differently developed sculpture. 
In 0. kusaiense there seem to be delicate cuticular lamellae 
on the rib-striae, Avhich gather and hold a coating of soil. On 
washing the shell, these laminae are removed. The most obese 
specimen in the type lot of over fifty shells measures, length 
9, diam. 3.9, aperture 3.9 mm., whorls 7. 

XI. Polynesian and Microncsicm Species. 

Opeas gracile and 0. oparanum are the prevalent species 
in this region. In the Hawaiian islands a number of wide- 
ranging forms have colonized, the following being known : 
0. oparanum (pyrgiscus] , 0. mauritianum, 0. clavulinum 


OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 183 

kawaiense, 0. javanicum, 0. opella, and 0. goodalli, the lat- 
ter being found in Manoa valley, Oahu. 

Probably not one of these is truly indigenous, though 
0. oparanum may have been introduced with the Hawaiian 
race. The rest were probably brought within the period of 
commerce, together with Zonitoides minuscula, Philomycus, 
and Agriolimax. 

In general, 0. oparanum has a more eastern, 0. gracile 
a more western distribution in the Pacific. 

91. 0. OPARANUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 1, 2, 3, 12; pi. 24. 
fig. 39. 


& 


Shell subimperforate, subulate, longitudinally distinctly 
striate, thin, waxy-hyaline; spire subulate, rather acute; 
whorls 9, slightly convex, the last about two-sevenths the 
total length; columella slightly arcuate. Aperture oblong- 
oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, columellar margin very 
narrowly reflexed, adnate. Length 11, diam. 3, aperture 3 
mm. long, 1.5 wide (Pfr.). 

Opara (= Rapa) Island at the roots of plants south of the 
Paumotu group (Cuming coll.). Also Polynesia generally. 

Bulimus oparanus PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 34 (published in 
May, 1846) ; Monogr. ii, p. 158. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 
87, f. 646. Opeas o., SMITH, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx, 1897, p. 
414 (Kapaur, New Guinea). Opeas oparica Pfr., SYKES, 
Proc. Malac. Soc. v, p. 198. (New Hebrides on Efate, Vanua 
Lava and Valua.) 

Stenogyra, tuckeri Pfr., GARRETT, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
Phila. viii, p. 392 ; ix, p. 43 : P. Z. S. 1887, p. 185 ; Bull. Soc. 
Mai. France 1887, p. 20; Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1887, p. 131 
(synonymy; range in Polynesia). Opeas tuckeri Pfr., 
MLLDFF., Journ. of Malac. vii, 1900, p. 113 (Caroline Is.). 

Stenogyra upolensis Mouss., Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 175 
(Upolu, Samoa), with var. minor (Nukuiona, Uvea). Buli- 
mus u., PFR., Monogr. vi, p. 100. 

Stenogyra, novemgyrata Mouss., Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, 
p. 126 (Oneata). Bulimus n., PFR. Monogr. viii, p. 138. 


184 OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 

Stenogyra gyrata MOUSSON MS. in Mus. Godeffroy, 1885 
teste Garrett (undescribed). 

Opeas junceus Gld., SYKES, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. vi, p. 
112, f. 1. (Hawaiian Is.). 

Bulimus pyrgiscus PFR. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 24; Malak. Bl. 
1861, p. 15; Monogr. vi, p. 97; Novit. Conch, p. 425, pi. 96, 
f. 10-12. Opeas p., SYKES, Proe. Malac. Soc. vi, p. 113, f. 4. 

"Differs from 0. subula chiefly by the distinct longitudinal 
striae" (Pfr.). The short aperture, not much exceeding one- 
fourth the shell's length, and the deep suture, below which 
the whorl is abruptly swollen, are characteristic, and in full- 
grown shells serve to separate the species from 0. gracile. 

In this species the whorls are not very convex but the su- 
tures are very deeply impressed. The surface is finely striate 
and usually not very glossy. Under a compound microscope 
some fine spiral strife may usually be seen. The umbilical 
crevice is very narrow. There is often a small prominence 
near the base of the columella, but in many lots this is want- 
ing. The apical whorls are smooth. There is a good deal 
of variation in size. 

Mr. Sykes gives no reference to connect his 0. oparica with 
Pfeiffer's B. oparanus, yet the similarity of the names sug- 
gests that oparica, is an emendation or error. The references 
given above probably pertain in part to 0. gracile. Steno- 
gyra (Opeas) striolata Pease, Sandwich Is., (W. Newcomb), 
recorded in Nevill, Handlist Ind. Mus., Moll., pi. 1, p. 166, 
1878, Stenogyra bacillaris Mouss., Paetel, Catalog, p. 104, 
Tutuila, and Obeliscus annaensis Beck, from I. Annaa, Index 
Moll. p. 62, are nude names, applying perhaps to forms of 
0. oparanum or gracile. 

Andrew Garrett considered all Polynesian Opeas to be- 
long to one species, which he called 0. tuckeri Pfr. I have 
elsewhere shown that the real tuckeri does not enter Poly- 
nesia. The Polynesian specimens I have seen are divisible 
into two species: (1) 0. gracile with regularly rounded 
whorls usually puckered below the suture, and. a long, rather 
narrow aperture, and (2) a form with the later whorls more 
flattened, tumid below the deep suture, the aperture de- 


OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 185 

cidedly shorter, and the whole shell usually more lengthened. 
The names B. oparanus and B. pyrgiscus Pfr., 8. upolensis 
and 8. novemgyratus Mousson seem to 'be based upon vary- 
ing forms of species (2). It is likely that further study with 
large series, would result in the recognition of a number of 
local subspecies; but this must be left to some one who can 
give some weeks to the question. 

Pfefffer did not illustrate his type of oparanum. Reeve's 
figure of a supposed topotype, copied in my pi. 22, fig. 12, 
may not be the same species. I have seen numerous speci- 
mens from the following groups: Hawaii, Marquesas, Pau- 
motu, Society. 

In the Hawaiian Is. the form has been called 0. pyrgiscus 
Pfr. The original description and figure follow. B. pyrgis- 
cus, pi. 22, fig. 5. Shell subperforate, turrite, rather solid, 
very lightly striate, whitish; spire elongate, the apex rather 
acute, suture deep. Whorls 9, a little convex, the last two- 
ninths the total length, not tapering at base ; columella very 
slightly arcuate. Aperture slightly oblique, angular-oval ; 
peristorne simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin nar- 
rowly reflexed, subadnate. Length 13, diam. 3, aperture 2.75 
x 1.5 mm. Sandwich Is. (Pfr.}. 

A large specimen from Maui is figured, pi. 22, fig. 1. It 
measures, length 11.3, diam. 3, aperture 3 mm., with 8!/2 
whorls. One from Oahu, pi. 22, fig. 2, is 9.3 mm. long, diam. 

2.4, aperture 2.4 mm., whorls 8y 2 . The suture is distinctly 
crenulate. Others are before me from Hilo, Hawaii and 
Kaunakakai, Molokai (R. C. McGregor, 1900), and from 
Manoa valley and Round Top, Oahu, and Kona crater, Kona, 
Hawaii (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum). Young shells, 
one-third to a half grown, have much the appearance of 
0. gracile. The smallest one I have seen containing an egg 
is 7 mm. long. 

Marquesas Is. A large series consists wholly of rather 
small and short though mature examples, pi. 22, fig. 3, length 

9.5, diam. 2.8, aperture 2.8 mm., with 8 whorls.' The suture 
is not crenulate, but the whorl bulges abruptly below it. The 
columella is concave and thin below. 


186 OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 

Society Is. (HuaJiine) and Gambier I. or Mangareva in the 
Paumotu group have a form similar to the Hawaiian pyrgiscus 
in shape, but the columella is thickened by a low tooth-like 
callus below (pi. 24, fig. 39, Mangareva). Half -grown shells 
have the same columellar thickening. The specimen figured 
is 10.8 mm. long. Those from the Society Is. are somewhat 
smaller. A single specimen said to be from New Caledonia 
is similar, but I am not certain of the locality. 

92. 0. HEPTAGYEUM Boettger. 

Differs from the allied species by the small peculiarly cyl- 
indric shell of sufooqual whorls, the apex obtuse, suture very 
deep. Shell small, perforate-rimate, subcylindric-subulate, 
thin, silky, waxy-hyaline ; spire subulate, very slowly in- 
creasing, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, flattep 
below, separated by a very deep suture, distinctly but very 
delicately striate, slowly increasing; the last whorl slightly 
flattened in the middle, one-fourth the length of the shell. 
Aperture small, oblong-oval; peristome simple, acute, the 
right margin a little straightened, columellar margin very 
narrowly reflexed; columella slightly arcuate, concave. 
Length 6.12, diam. 2, alt. aperture 1.5, width 1 mm. (Bttg.). 

Marshall Is.: Nauru (Paul Schnee). 

Opeas heptagyrum BTTG., Zool. Jahrb., Abth. f. Syst., 
Geogr. u. Biol. Thiere, xx, 1904, p. 411. 

"Seems to stand near 0. tuckeri Pfr. from Sir Charles 
Hardy's Island, etc., but differs from the original diagnosis of 
Pfeiffer by the decidedly obtuse apex, 7 instead of 9 whorls, 
and by the index of width 1 :3,06, while 0. tuckeri has the in- 
dex 1 :3,27, and must thus be narrower. Both are distin- 
guished from other related species by the cylindric shape and 
conspicuously short last whorl. (Bttg.). 

This is probably identical with 0. oparanum, or varietally 
distinct by its smaller size. I have seen no Opeas from the 
Marshall group. 

93. 0. OPELLA Pilsbry & Vanatta. PL 24, fig. 36. 

Shell cream-colored, glossy, indistinctly irregularly striate, 


OPEAS, POLYNESIA. 187 

rather stout, apex obtuse, whorls six, moderately convex, 
body-whorl high, umbilicus very small, aperture ovate more 
than one-third the height of the shell, outer lip evenly arched, 
columella sinuous and reflexed over the umbilical perforation. 
Alt. 6.8, diam. 2.9 mm. 

Hawaiian Is.: Honolulu (W. H. Rush, type loc.) ; Hilo, 
Hawaii (McGregor). 

Ope'as opella P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila. for 1905, p. 
785, fig. 1. 

This species is a little larger and more slender than 0. 
brevispira Pils. and has the aperture more elongate. It is 
smaller and more openly umbilicate than 0. semperi Hid. 
0. hawaiense Sykes is rougher and more slender. (P. & V.). 

I do not feel wholly satisfied that such short forms of Opeas 
as this one, 0. brevispira and some described Chinese forms, 
are really valid species. They may be shortened local or in- 
dividual variations of species ordinarily longer, such as 
0. mauritianum and 0. clavulinum. A collector on the 
ground must determine such questions. 

I do not regard 0. opella as a native Hawaiian species. 
It should be looked for in the East Indies or China. 


Part II. AMERICAN ACHATINIO. 


Genus OPE AS (continued). 

Opeas is represented in America by four species extending 
over nearly the whole tropical region, and by a number of 
local forms. Most of the American species do not differ 
much from the Oriental forms, but one, 0. beckianum, has 
short rounded whorls and a distinct umbilicus at all stages of 
growth. A form of this species has been made the type of a 
new genus, Synopeas, by M. Jousseaume. This might be re- 
tained as a subgenus, yet it is 'connected with ordinary Opeas 
by the intermediate species 0. micro,. The species are ar- 
ranged as follows: 

Generally distributed forms, species 1 to 4. 

Antillean forms, species 5 to 8. 

South American forms, species 9 to 15. 

Central American and Mexican forms, species 16 to 23. 

SPECIES COMMON TO SOUTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA AND THE 

ANTILLES. 

The four common American Opeas are very distinct and 
easily recognized, though their wide range and variability has 
resulted in an extensive synonymy. 

beckianum. Umbilicate, stout, with closely coiled whorls. 
Length 6.2 to 9 mm., with 8 to 9j/ 2 whorls. Surface more or 
less ribbed. 

0. micra. Perforate, with very obtuse summit, more or less 
ribbed on the spire, with 7 or 8 whorls in a length of 6 to 
9 mm., diam. 2 to 2.7 nun. 

0. gracile. Perforate, slenderly tapering, closely arcuately, 
striate, with l l / 2 to 8^2 whorls in a length of 9-11.5 mm. 

0. goodalli. Slender, minutely perforate, with straightly 
conic spire, very arcuate strice and outer lip, and about 
whorls in a length of 6 to 7 mm. 

(188) 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 189 

1. 0. BECKIANUM (Pfeiffer). PL 27, figs. 42-46, 54, 55. 

Shell perforate, ovate-oblong, acuminate, thin, diaphanous, 
greenish-hyaline, densely costulate-striate, the riblets stronger 
at the crenulated suture. Whorls 9, convex, the last about 
one-fourth the total length, base rounded, columella short, 
rather straightened. Aperture wide, semioval ; peristome sim- 
ple, aaute, the columellar margin spreading. Length 9, diam. 
3.5, aperture 2.33 x 1.5 mm. (Pfr.). 

Eastern Mexico from the State of Vera Cruz southward; 
Central America; Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad; Barbados, 
St. Vincent, Antigua ; Haiti. Brazil, at Para, Rio de Janeiro, 
Sao Paulo, and Fernando Noronha, and Peru. 

Bulimus beckianus PFR., Symboke ad Hist. Heliceorum iii, 
p. 82 (1846) ; Monogr. ii, 164; Conchyl. Cab. p. 125, pi. 36, 
f. 29-31. Opeas beckiana Pfr., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. i, p. 
309; Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 236; Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 
xx, Zool., p. 502, 1890 (I. Fernando Noronha). ? Bulimus 
oryza BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 333. DESH. in Lam., An. s. 
Vert, viii, p. 263. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 480. 
Bulimus caraccasensis REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 79, f. 580 
(Sept. 1849). PFR., Monogr. iii, 404; viii, 140. Opeas car- 
acasensis CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex. i, p. 599, pi. 26, f. 6. 
-STREBEL Beitrag v, p. 99, pi. 7, f . 8 ; pi. 17, f . 30 ; pi. 18, f . 
4, 10, 11 (anatomy). CROSSE, Jourii. de Conchyl. 1890, p. 
45 (Trinidad, St. Lucia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, etc.). Opeas 
micro, and var. caracasense MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Arner., 
Moll. p. 294, pi. 17, f. 10, 11. Synopeas caracasensis Jouss., 
Mem. Soc. Zool. France ii, p. 239, 1889. Stenogyra caracca- 
sensis Reeve, MAZE, Journ. de Conch, xxxi, 1883, p. 6, 41 
(Guadeloupe). 

Bulimus regularis PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1852, p. 94; 
Monogr. iii, p. 402 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 152, pi. 39, f . 20-22.- 
HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico p. 123. Opeas regularis Pfr., 
STREBEL, Beitrag Mex., etc., v, p. 102, notes on type. 

Stenogyra gabliana ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 485, pi. 40, 
fig. 17. Bulimus vitrcus Muhlf. in ANTON, Verzeichniss, p. 
42, nude name, 'according to Pfr. 


190 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

The locality was supposed by Pfeiffer to be the island 
Opara, but no form similar to this has been found in Poly- 
nesia. Pfeiffer 's description and figures agree fully with 
Central American examples, such as that shown in pi. 27, figs. 
44-46, from Polvon, Nicaragua. The shell is narrowly um- 
bilicate, the columella being hollow and large throughout (fig. 
44). The shape is characteristic, the upper third of the 
length tapering conically while the rest of the shell is sub- 
cylindric. It is very pale yellowish-corneous, somewhat 
translucent, very glossy. The riblets are strong and regular 
below the suture, which is crenulated by them, but become 
weaker or even subobsolete downwards below the middle of 
each whorl; and they often give place to striae on the last 
whorl. Whorls Sy 2 to 9, strongly convex, the last rounded 
below. The aperture is vertical. Columellar margin well 
dilated. Length of figured specimen 9.1, diam. 3.5 mm. Pol- 
von, Nicaragua. 

Further north, in the State of Vera Cruz, the shells are usu- 
ally more slender and taper more regularly. The ribs are 
strongly developed on the intermediate whorls, subobsolete on 
the last one or two. Specimens from Mirador (pi. 27, fig. 55) 
measure : 

Length 9.8, diam. 3 mm., whorls 9 l / 2 . 

Length 8.3, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 9. 

Other lots before me from Orizaba, Antigua and Vera Cruz 
are similarly sculptured though some of the shells are wider. 
Strebel has treated in detail of the distribution and dimensions 
of East Mexican specimens, and Von Martens also has entered 
fully into its distribution. 

A large series from Carthagena, Colombia, are very small, 
length 7, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 8y 2 , in other respects being 
typical, or with the riblets below the suture very short, the rest 
of the surface merely striate, and the umbilicus smaller. 
Similar lots are before me from Venezuela, Trinidad and 
" Brazil." 

A series from Para, Brazil, consists of rather weakly sculp- 
tured shells, reaching the length of 7 mm., with Sy 2 whorls. 

Barbados shells are 7 to 9 mm. long, with typical or weaker 
sculpture and a small umbilicus. 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 191 

A set before me from Antigua consists of rather narrow 
shells with delicate riblets, and a more tapering shape than 
the types. 

In Haiti (pi. 27, fig. 54) this species is found at S. Domingo 
City (H. Prime) and around Port au Prince (Henderson and 
Simpson) . The shells are small, length 6.2 mm. with 8 whorls 
to 8 mm. with 9y 2 whorls. The riblets below the suture are 
very short, the rest of the surface being striate. This small 
form imitates the Colombian examples described above. 

A variety with very strong, regular ribs (pi. 27, figs. 42, 43) 
is before me from Caracas, Venezuela, collected by F. R. 
Cocking in 1860. The shells measure about 8x3 mm., with 
8% whorls, some being smaller. 

Mr. Smith states that specimens from Fernando Noronha 
are more strongly costulate than the Brazilian specimens com- 
pared (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 502). 

Bulimus oryza, of Bruguiere, from Guadeloupe was probably 
based upon this species, but the description is not wholly con- 
clusive ; the number of whorls especially does not agree. 

Two forms described by Jousseaume from Caracas seem to 
be referable to 0. ~beckiainnn, either as synomyms or varieties. 
The descriptions follow. 

"Synopeas simoni. PI. 27, fig. 40. Shell perforate, cylin- 
dric-turrite, rather thin, slightly striatulate, waxy, marked 
with small scattered whitish spots; spire elongate, turrite, 
rather acute ; whorls 8y 2 , convex, separated by a deep suture, 
the last scarcely one-fourth the total length, rounded at the 
base. Aperture oboval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the 
columellar margin shortly spreading. Length 7, diam. 2.5 
mm." (Jotiss.). 

According to M. Jousseaume, this differs from 0. caraca- 
sensis by the smaller size, less apparent strias, by the white 
spots and narrower umbilicus. Four specimens taken, one 
adult at the colony of Tovar, the others young, at Caracas. 
This is evidently identical with the form from Carthagena, 
etc., which I have commented on above. 

The smoothness is an individual character, though colonies 
where the average or majority of the shells are of the smooth- 
ish type might be recognized by a varietal name. 


192 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

"Synopeas carinulata. PI. 27, fig. 41. Shell perforate, 
cylindric-turrited, rather thin, ribbed with hair-like striae, red- 
dish-yellow; spire elongate, conic and turrited, the apex ob- 
tuse. Whorls 7y 2 , subconvex, separated by a deep suture, the 
last one-fourth the total length, carinate in the middle. Aper- 
ture subtrigonal-oval, the peristome simple, unexpanded, the 
oolumellar margin straight, slightly reflexed. Length 6, diam. 
'2.25 mm." (Jouss.). 
Caracas, Venezuela (Simon). 

Synopeas carinulata Jouss., Mem. Soc. Zool. de France ii, 
p. 240, pi. 9, f. 6, 1889. 

Described from two specimens which I think are probably 
young shells. It is said to be distinguished from caracasense 
and simoni by the smaller size, stronger, more spaced stria, 
the more projecting carina of the last whorl, less convex 
whorls, and the triangular shape of the mouth. Cf. 0. micro,. 

Var. gabbianum (Angas). PL 27, figs. 52, 53. 

"Shell perforate, elongately turreted, moderately thin, pale 
straw-colored, sculptured with somewhat distant raised 
thread-like descending stria?, that are strongest on the upper 
whorls and become evanescent towards the sutures and the 
base of the last whorl; whorls 8, convex; apex blunt, papil- 
lar; aperture vertical, quadrately semilunar; outer lip, arcu- 
ate, thin, simple ; columellar margin a little expanded over 
the perforation. Diam. l 1 /^, alt. 3y lin." (G. F. Angas). 

Costa Rica ; a single specimen ( Gabb ) . 

"A somewhat sparsely and strongly ribbed species, distinct 
from S. caraccasensis Reeve, which is described by that author 
as a Bulimus." (Angas). 

Var. regular e (Pfr.). 

Surface striatulate, being much more weakly sculptured 
than beckianum, but denticulate at the suture. 

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Macgillivray, Hidalgo). 

Length 6, diam. 2^ mm., whorls 7 (Pfr., young shell). 

Length 8, diam. 3 mm., whorls 7 to 8 (Hidalgo). 

Strebel's examination of the type leaves no doubt of the 
rank of this form as a local variety of 0. beckianum. 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 193 

2. 0. MICRA (Orbigny). PL 27, figs. 49, 56-57. 

Shell elongate, turriculate, thin, translucent, very strongly 
striated with small sharp and raised ribs : nearly umbilicate ; 
epire long, nearly conic, with the end obtuse, composed of 8 
not much rounded whorls ; aperture oval, with sharp margins ; 
columella straight. Color yellowish-white. Length 6, diam. 
2.5 mm. This species is especially related to B. clavulus but 


differs chiefly by its raised ribs. (Orb.}. 

Bolivia : easternmost foothills of the Bolivian Andes, not far 
from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, under stones (Orbigny, type 
loc.). Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (Orb.) ; Fernando Noronha I.; 
Para (Hubbard). Colombia at Honda (T. Bland). Trini- 
dad (Guppy). 

Central America and Mexico: Polvon, Nicaragua (McNiel) ; 
Utilla I., Honduras (Simpson) ; Progreso, Izamal, Ticul, Tun- 
kas and Tekanto, Yucatan (Heilprin exped.) ; San Juan Bau- 
tista, Tabasco (Rovirosa) ; Vera Cruz Heilprin exped.) ; 
San Rafael Jicaltepec (Townsend) ; Antigua and Texolo, 
V. C. (Rhoads). 

West Indies: Grenada, Grenadines, Barbados, St. Vincent, 
Guadeloupe, Antigua, St. Eustatius, St. Bartholomew, St. 
John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Haiti, Cuba and 
Jamaica. Also reported by Tate from St. Lucia. 

Florida: Miami. 

Introduced in Bermuda (Heilprin!), Charleston, S. C. 
(Binney) , Mauritius (Nevill !) . 

Helix micro, ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 9. Bulimus micra 
ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid. Moll., p. 262, pi. 41, f. 18, 19, 20.- 
PFR., Monogr. ii, 165 iii, 400 ; iv, 462 ; vi, 100. REEVE Conch. 
Icon, v, pi. 14, f. 78; pi. 79, f. 579 (Chilon, Bolivia) .Opeas 
micra Orb., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 309, 318, 322 
(St. Vincent, Grenada, Grenadines) ; Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 
237 (Trinidad). 

Bulimus octonoides C. B. ADAMS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
Hist. 1845, p. 12 (Jamaica). REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 84, f. 
593. PFR., Monogr. ii, 160; iii, 400; iv, 460; vi. 99. Steno- 
gyra octonoides MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, pp. 6, 41 (Guad- 
eloupe). BINNEY, Terrestrial Moll, v, p. 194, Man. Amer. 


194 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

Land Shells, p. 425 (Ft. Dallas, Fla. ; Charleston, S. C.).- 
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 485 (Costa Rica). SMITH. Journ. 
Linn. Soc. London xx, Zool., p. 502 (Fernando Noronha). 
Opeas octonoides Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 246 
(Cuba, etc.); 1892, p. 28, 62 (Porto Rico, Vieques). MAR- 
TENS, Biologia Centr. Amer. Moll., p. 293, pi. 17, f. 9 
(Mexico, etc.). Bulimus subula Pfr., BINNEY, Terr. Moll. 
U. S. ii, p. 285, pi. 53, f. 4. Bulimus contractus POEY, Me- 
mories i, p. 205, 212, pi. 26, f. 19-21 (San Diego de los Banos, 
Cuba). Stenogyra (Opeas) striosa Ad., Henderson, Nautilus 
viii, p. 20, no. 114 (Jamaica). Opeas dresseli MILLER, Malak. 
Blatter (n. F.) i, 1879, p. 123, pi. 14, f. 1 (Guayaquil, 
Ecuador) . 

0. micra is the most widely distributed American Opeas. 
It was described from Bolivia, near or at the southern extreme 
of its range. The type figures, copied on pi. 27, fig. 49, are 
good except in showing the apex too acute, an error commonly 
made in figuring Opeas. The shell is perforate, and tapers 
regularly to the very obtuse apex. The first 2 or 2^2 whorls 
are smooth; then widely spaced thread-like stria; appear in 
high relief on the weakly striatulate surface, and are usually 
strongest near the suture above. On the last whorl the striae 
became less emphatic and closer. This description applies to 
well-sculptured shells, such as pi. 28, fig. 58 from Honda, 
Colombia, measuring 6.8 x 2.1 mm., with 7 whorls. Very 
often the stride are much weaker, almost obsolete except im- 
mediately below the sutures; and there are, in most lots, in- 
termediate forms also. Part of the Colombian and Para 
shells before me are of this sort. 

The Central American shells are similar to Colombian ; but 
in Yucatan a longer, more slender form prevails, quite like 
the large Cuban type. One from Izamal measures 8.8 x 2.5 
mm., with 8 whorls. Most shells in a very large series from 
San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, are deficient in riblets (pi. 28, 
fig. 59) . The specimens from the State of Vera Cruz are also 
rather weakly sculptured. 

In Cuba some diversity is encountered. Some shells, as at 
Marianao near Havana, are typical. Others (pi. 27, fig. 57), 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 195 

are much elongated 9.6 x 2.7 mm., with about 8y 2 whorls, and 
rather irregular sculpture. This is B. contracta of Poey. If 
it be thought varietally separable from micra, part of the 
Yucatan shells would be referred to the same race. 

In Haiti, 0. micra was taken by Messrs. Henderson and 
Simpson at Cape Hatien, Charmette three miles southward, 
and at Sans Souci, and by H. Prime at Santo Domingo City. 
It is a rather diminutive race, usually not well sculptured, 
the largest measuring 7 x 2.1 mm., with 7 whorls, but most 
individuals are smaller. 

Jamaican specimens vary like those of Cuba in form and 
sculpture, but do not reach quite so large a size. A common 
form is illustrated, pi. 27, fig. 56, (Kingston), but others in 
the same lot are larger and less ribbed. The J. B. Henderson 
collection contains specimens from near Port Antonio, Black- 
stone River, Bluefield, Bogwalk, Bowden, Hope River, Mona 
House, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Mt. Pleasant, and Rockport, 
near Kingston. 

Bulimus octonoides C. B. Ad., of which I have examined 
Adams' type series, is absolutely equivalent to 0. micra. 

In the lesser Antilles, only very small specimens are be- 
fore me from St. Thomas and St. Eustatius. In the other 
islands the shells are not distinguishable from the ordinary 
Jamaican form. 

In the United States, 0. micra is known to me from Miami 
in southeastern Florida, where I have found it abundant. 
Half-grown and adult specimens are figured (pi. 28, figs. 
60, 61). 

Achatina lucida Poey was based upon a single young speci- 
men of micra. The original description follows: shell ovate- 
oblong, vitreous, whitish, elegantly sculptured with regular 
transverse riblets; apex obtuse; whorls 6, convex, the suture 
profound. Aperture small, margin acute ; columella straight, 
narrowly folded back, covering the umbilicus completely. 
Length 3 mm. Near the Canimar river, on the east side of 
Matanzas Bay, coll. Dr. Gundlach. Poey's figure is copied on 
my pi. 28, fig. 64. 

Pfeiffer subsequently identified specimens from Havana as 


196 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

the adult of lucida, giving a new description and figures. 
Specimens received from Poey as lucida are undoubtedly 
micro,. 

Acliatina lucida POEY, Memorias sobra la Historia Natural 

de la isla de Cuba, i, pp. 207, 212, pi. 12, f. 30, 31.Stenogyra 

L, POEY, t. c. p. 396. GUNDLACH, Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 44. 

Bulimus lucidus Poey, PFR., Novit. Conch, p. 430, pi. 96, 

f. 36-38 (Havana) ; Monogr. iv, 459; vi, 98. 

Var. margaritaceum (Shuttleworth). PI. 28, fig. 62. 

Shell narrowly perforate, turrite, sharply and remotely 
striate, with a pearly luster, diaphanous, waxen. Spire ob- 
tuse; whorls 6, a trifle convex (vix convexiusculi) , the last 
about two-sevenths the total length; suture deep; columella 
rather straight. Aperture ovate-oblong, the right margin 
of the peristome somewhat flexuous, columellar margin re- 
flexed. Length 5, diam. scarcely 2, aperture about 1.25 x .75 
mm. (Shuttl.). 

Porto Rico : Rio Blanco in the Sierra de Luquillo. (Blauner) . 

Sienogyra (Opeas) margaritacea SHUTTL., Diagnosen 
neuer Mollusken no. 6, p. 139, extracted from Mittheil. natur- 
forsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 47. Bulimus margaritaceus 
Sh., PPR., Monogr. iv, p. 460. 

I figure a specimen from Rio Blanco, determined by Thomas 
Bland. It agrees perfectly with Shuttleworth 's diagnosis in 
size, but has a larger aperture, nearly 2 mm. long, and the 
whorls are moderately convex. 

Var. tryonianum (Tate). PL 28, fig. 63. 

"Shell conic-ally subulate, semipellucid, not umbilicated, 
whorls seven in number, rather flattened, shouldered at the 
suture, ornamented with numerous nearly straight longi- 
tudinal costag, interstitial spaces smooth; suture somewhat 
impressed ; columella a little thickened ; aperture elliptical ,. 
outer lip straight and simple. Total length of shell .22 inch; 
breadth 0.075 inch ; height of last whorl 0.075 inch. ' ' ( Tate ) . 

"In the forest on an island in the lagoon of Boco del Toro, 
on the borders of Panama and Costa Rica." (Tate). 

Bulimus tryonianus TATE, Amer. Journ. of Conch, v, p. 157, 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 197 

pi. 16, f. 4 (Feb. 3, 1870). Opeas t., MARTENS, Biol. Centr. 
Amer. Moll., p. 296, with var. subovale, pi. 17, f. 12. 

The type or a cotype of this species received from Tate is 
bleached and minutely perforate. It tapers regularly to the 
very obtuse apex. The surface is sculptured with very regu- 
lar and delicate riblets, straight on the spire, but somewhat 
arcuate on the last whorl. These riblets are a trifle closer and 
weaker 'than in the Yucatan 0. micro,. In other respects I 
am quite unable to see any difference from micro, of the same 
size. The shell measures, length 4.9, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm. ; 
whorls 5%. This is the specimen badly figured in Amer. 
Journ. Conch., and corresponds in size with Tate's measure- 
ment, but it has not the number of whorls called for in his 
description, which I think may have been partly taken from 
0. goodalli, of which there were specimens in the same vial. 
Tate's identifications of Stenogyrina? were chiefly erroneous; 
and this applies also to a good many other snails, listed in 
his paper, as I know from the set sent to Mr. Tryon. 

Var. siibovale Martens (PL 28, fig. 65), "a little more ovate, 
umbilicus narrow but not closed. Shell ovate-subturrited, 
vertically lightly striatulate, whorls 6, -a little convex, the 
last, measured at the back, contained 2% times in the alt. ; nar- 
rowly perforate, the aperture rhombic-elliptical, columellar 
margin slightly thickened. Length 5.5, diam. 2 aperture 
2 x 1.33 mm. S.-W. Costa Rica at Turubanes, 500 meters 
elevation. ' ' 

Var. cuencanum (Pfeiffer). 

Shell subperf orate, oblong- turrite ; rather solid, chordate- 
costulate, pellucid, greenish-white. Spire regularly turrite, 
the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last 
about one-third the total length, slightly compressed basally. 
Columella vertical. Aperture vertical, truncate-oval, peris- 
tome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin shortly re- 
flexed, somewhat free. Length 8, diam. 3.25 mm. ; aperture 
2.66x1.5 mm. (Pfr.). 

Ecuador: Province of Cuenca (Fraser; Cuming coll.). 

Bulimus cuencanus PFR., Malak. Blatter v, 1858, p. 239; 


198 AMERICAN OPE AS. 

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 26; Monogr. vi, p. 98. Rumina cuencana 
H. AD., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 375. 

This unfigured form may prove identical with, or a variety 
of, 0. micro, which is known from Ecuador. The description, 
given above gives no adequate ground for considering it a 
distinct species. 

3. 0. GRACILE (Button). PI. 28, fig. 70. 

Cf. p. 125. This species occurs in tropical America in 
forms indistinguishable from those of the Oriental region, 
though Occidental specimens have usually been known as 
0. subula Pfr. Its chief characters are the straight, high 
spire, very equable and moderate convexity of the whorls, the 
distinct, arcuate striation, usually appearing a little puckered 
below the suture, and the long aperture. As in the Orient, 
a slender and a stouter form may be recognized, usually oc- 
curring together. Local variation is chiefly in size and num- 
ber of whorls, different colonies in one general locality often 
showing the extremes of variation, as in the following from 
around Havana : 

Length 9, diam. 2.9, length aperture 2.9 mm., whorls 
(ElVedado). 

Length 11.5, diam. 3, length aperture 3.2 mm., whorls 
(Marianao). 

It often- reaches a large size, quite equal to typical gracile, 
some from Merida, Yucatan being 13.5 mm. long, with 9 l / 2 
whorls. 

Distribution, entire West Indies; South America as far 
as Para and Guayaquil ; Southern Mexico and Central Amer- 
ica. I have examined specimens from the following places. 
Cuba : Havana and environs, Formosa, Castillo de Jagua at 
entrance of Cienfuegos Bay, Santiago. Haiti : Sans Souci, 
St. Mark, Port au Prince (Henderson and Simpson) ; Jeremie 
"3. octonula" Weinland) ; Santo Domingo City (H. Prime). 
Jamaica: Kingston (W. J. Fox). Porto Rico: San Juan. St. 
Thomas, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, St. Johns, St. Eustatius, 
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Trinidad. Brazil: Para. 
Venezuela: Maracaibo (E. S. Penny, 1853). Colombia. Also 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 199 

reported from Guayaquil, Ecuador (as 0. acutius Mill.). 
Panama (Gabb), Chontales, Nicaragua (R. Tate) ; Utila, I., 
Honduras (Simpson). Also reported by von Martens from 
British Honduras at Belize; Guatemala at Coban and Anti- 
gua; Nicaragua at Acoyapa; Costa Rica at Puerto Viejo. 
Mexico: Merida, Yucatan (Heilprin) ; San Juan Bautista, 
Tabasco (Rovirosa) ; and reported by von Martens from the 
additional States of Vera Cruz, Jalisco and Chiapas. 

A few other localities are recorded in the literature, see 
below. It has been found in a hothouse at Exeter, England 
(Coll. A. N. S. P.). 

Achatina subula PFR., in Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturge- 
schichte, 1839, i, p. 352. Bulimus subula PFR., Symbols ad 
Hist. Hel. i, p. 85; Monogr. ii, 158; iii, 399; iv, 458; vi, 97; 
viii, 136 ("Cuba, common around Havana and Matanzas") ; 
Malak. Bl. 1854, p. 196. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 69, f. 494. 

Stenogyra subula Pfr., SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagnosen, etc., no 
6, p. 138, in Mittheil. naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 46. 

-PoEY, Memorias, i, p. 396. MARTENS, Malak. Bl. xii, 1865, 
p. 49 (Mex.). BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll. U. S. v, 195, fig. 
97 (jaw), 99; pi. 4, f. P (dentition) ; Man. Amer. Land Shells 
p. 426, f. 473 (Mobile, Alabama). MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl. 
1883, p. 6, 41, 47, 51 (Guadeloupe) ; Journ. de Conch., 1890, 
p. 22 (Guadeloupe and dependencies). SMITH, Journ. Linn. 

Soc. Lond. xx, p. 502 (Fernando Noronha). 

Opeas subula FISCHER et CROSSE, Miss. Scient. au Mexico, 
Moll., i, p. 600, pi. 26, f. 7. ANCEY, Ann. de Malac. 1886, p. 
250 (Utila L, Simpson). MARTENS, Biologia Centr. Amer., 
Moll., p. 291, 637, pi. 18, f. 3 (living animal) .SMITH, Proc. 
Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 317 (Grenada). CROSSE, Journ. de 
Conch. 1890, p. 246 (Cuba) ; 1891, p. 150 (Santo Domingo) ; 
1892, p. 28 (Pto. Rico). Stenogyra octonula WEINLAND, 
Malak, Blatter xxiii, 1876, p. 171, pi. 2, f. 7, 8 (Jeremie, 
Haiti) . Bulimus octonulus PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 613. 
Opeas o., CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 150. Bulimus octonoides 
d'C-RBiGNY, in Sagra's Hist. Cuba, Moll., i, p. 177, pi. xi bis, 
f. 22-24. Opeas acutius MILLER, Malak. Bl. (n. F.) i, 1879, 
p. 124, pi. 13, f. 3 (Guayaquil, Ecuador) ; cf. Strebel, Beitrag 


200 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

v, p. 106 (Opeas acutior). Opeas junceum Gld., MARTENS, 
Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1898, p. 
156 (Cocos I.)- Bulimus hortensis C. B. ADAMS, Contrib. to 
Conch, no. 9, p. 168, 1851 (gardens in Kingston, Jamaica). 

The several names comprised in the above references are 
absolute synonyms. S. octonula of which I have two speci- 
mens from the author, is a typical gracile of the slender phase. 
One is figured, pi. 28, fig. 71. B. hortensis Ad. of which I 
have seen Adams' specimens, was based on the stouter form 
of the species, in which the whorls are less oblique. It is 
common at Kingston, but so far as I know, not spread over 
the island. 0. acutius Miller has been from a study of the 
types pronounced subula by Strebel, a conclusion fully sup- 
ported by the description and figures. 

I have figured also a rather small specimen, fig. 70, length 
9 mm., from Havana, the type locality of siibula Pfr. 

4. 0. GOODALLI (Miller). PI. 28, figs. 72, 73, 74. 

"A subperf orated, turretted, pellucid, pale corneous, or 
almost white shell, having from six to seven volutions, and an 
ovate aperture. 

"Observations. The inhabitant a limax of a green-yellow- 
ish 'color, which is transmitted through the shell, and gives it 
that tinge when found with the animal in it. On account of 
the pine bed being frequently disturbed, full grown specimens 
are rare, and I possess but few that show seven volutions, the 
major part having from four to five. "When full gro\vu, one- 
third of an inch, or rather more, long." (/. 8. Miller.} 

Imported into England : Bristol, on the boards that line a 
pine (Bromelia) bed, Miller, type loc., and other hothouses 
near London, Manchester, etc. ; also Cape Verde Is. ; St. 
Helena; Rodriguez; Hawaiian Is. at Manoa Valley, Oahu 
(Bishop Mus.). 

West Indies : Cuba, around Havana, Matanzas, Sancti 
Spiritus, Trinidad and Santiago. Haiti, at Cape Hatien and 
Port au Prince (Henderson and Simpson). Jamaica: west 
of Port Antonio (Henderson and Simpson). Porto Rico, 
San Juan and other places. St. Thomas; St. Eustatius; St. 


AMERICAN OPEAS. 201 

Lucia; Barbados. South America: Para (Dr. Hubbard) ; 
Venezula (R. Tate) ; Colombia (Swift coll.). Also reported 
from Boliva, Argentina and Ecuador. Central America: Pol- 
von, Nicaragua (McNiel Exped.) ; Boca del To>ro, on Panama 
and Costa Rica boundary (R. Tate). San Juan Bautista, 
Tabasco, Mexico (Jose N. Rovirosa, 1892). 

Helix goodalli J. S. MILLER, a list of the freshwater and 
landshells occurring in the environs of Bristol, with observa- 
tions, Annals of Philosophy n. ser. iii, 1822, p. 381. Bulimus 
goodalli GRAY in Turton's Manual of the L. 'and F.-W. shells 
of the British Islands, new edition, 1840, p. 6, pi. 6, f. 61- 
PPR., Monogr. ii, 159; iii, 400; iv, 461; vi, 100; viii, 138. 
REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 84, f. 621. FORBES & HANLEY, Hisit. 
Brit. Moll, iv, 1853, p. 93. MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, 
p. 24 (Rodriguez). Stenogyra goodallii WOLLASTON, Testae. 
Atlantica p. 510 (Cape Verde Is. S. Antao, S. Nicolao, S. lago 
and Brava). SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagnosen no. 6, p. 139 (Porto 
Rico. MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, p. 7, 42, 47 (Guade- 
loupe) . Opeas goodallii Mill., SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 
i, p. 308 (St. Vincent). CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1890, p. 
245 (Cuba) ; 1892, p. 29 (Pto. Rico). 

Helix (CocJilicella) elavulus FER., Prodr. p. 52, no. 381 
(Guadeloupe; no description). MORICAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. 
et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve vii, 1836, p. 424 (Bahia; no descrip- 
tion). Bulimus elavulus TURTON, Manual of the land and 
fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, p. 79, fig. 61 (1831). 
ORBIGNY, Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. p. 261 (Bolivia and 
Argentina) . - - ? POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galerie, etc., i, p. 
151, pi. 14, f. 27, 28 (Guadeloupe). Not H. elavulus 
Quoy = 0. gracile. Bulimus compressilabris BENSON, Ann. 
Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, Nov. 1856, p. 434 (public garden, 
Jamestown, St. Helena) = 0. goodalli Mill., teste E. A. 
SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 259. --Opeas 
aciculaforme MILLER, Malak. Bl. (n. F.) i, 1879, p. 125, pi. 13, 
f. 4. STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, p. 106, pi. 17, f. 13.- 
Stenogyra ascendens POEY, Memorias i, p. 422 (1854). 
GUNDLACH, Malak. Bl. iv, 1857, p. 44 (description of living 
animal) . Opeas ascendens CROSSE, J. de Conch. 1890, p. 246. 


202 AMERICAN OPEAS. 

Bidimus assurgens PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1856, p. 156 ; Monogr. 
iv, 459; Novit. Conch, p. 431, pi. 96, f. 39-41. Cf. SMITH, 
P. Z. S. 1892, p. 269. 

Bulimus pumilus PFR., Archiv f . Naturg. 1840, p. 252 ; 
Mai. Bl. v, p. 184. 

B. pauperculus C. B. AD. in part, Contrib. to Conch., p. 27. 
0. goodalli is very minutely perforate, straightly conic, with a 
very obtuse apex. The surface is not very glossy and is densely, 
sharply sculptured with irregular and rather strong striae very 
deeply curved, or arcuate. The outer lip is thin, and so 
much retracted above as to appear incised at the suture, as in 
some Pleurotomidce. The aperture is well rounded below, 
and the columellar lip is reflexed as usual in Opeas. 

The general shape, the sculpture, and the retraction of the 
-outer lip at the suture, make this species easy to recognize. 

Length 6, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 6 l / 2 . Para. 

Length 6.3, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm., whorls 6 1 /o. Havana. 

This wide-spread little species was originally described from 
a colony found around "pines" in Bristol, England. Since 
"Bromelia" bracteata, imported from Jamaica in 1785, was 
the only species of pineapple at that time cultivated in Eng- 
land, it is likely that the original stock of goodalli came in 
dirt around the roots, and from Jamaica ; though the ultimate 
habitat of the pineapple was probably Brazil, a country 
equally inhabited by the Opeas. The snail is said to have 
been first observed about 1816. It is now found in many 
hothouses in England, around London, Manchester, etc. It 
has also been imported into various tropical countries, and 
will doubtless attain as wide a range as Subulina octona and 
Opeas gracile in time. 

Mr. Miller's description is not very good, but subsequent 
publications referring to his specimens indicate conclusively 
their identity. It was named by Ferussac at about the same 
time, but he did not define his H. clavulus, which remained 
a nude name until 1831, when Turton excellently figured it 
from Bristol examples. The two names goodalli and clavulus 
are therefore absolutely synonymous. Whether the clavulus 
of Moricand and Orbigny is the same is not certainly known ; 


ANTILLEAN OPEAS. 203 

but Quoy & Gaimard's clavulus is surely 0. gracile (q. v.). 

I have already alluded to the distribution of 0. goodalli in 
the Old World, see pp. 141, 151, 157. 0. hannensis Rang 
and 0. braueri Mts. may perhaps prove to be synonyms. 

Stenogyra ascendens Poey, renamed B. assurgens by Pfr., 
is stated by Poey to differ from 0. goodalli by having the 
right margin ascending at the suture ; the shell agreeing in 
other Respects with goodalli. This was probably an individual 
feature, as no conspicuous ascent is noticeable in specimens 
sent out by Poey, or in Pfeiffer's figures, or in the Cuban 
specimens collected by myself in 1903. B. pumilus Pfr., from 
Havana or Matanzas provinces was based upon a small 0. 
goodalli, as Pfeiffer himself recognized later. It measured 
1.8 x. 66 lines. 

C. B. Adams included specimens of 0. goodalli with some 
other species in his B. pauperculus. See under Spiraxis. 

0. aciculcE forme Miller is evidently a synomym. The ori- 
ginal figures are copied, pi. 28, figs. 66, 67. "Shell scarcely 
perforate, subulate, straw-colored, with very arcuate fine striae, 
but little shining; spire conic, the apex rather obtuse. 
Whorls 71/0, nearly flat, parted by a lightly impressed suture, 
the last whorl two-sevenths the length. Columella straight. 
Aperture slightly oblique, ovate-oblong, acuminate above, re- 
ceding below ; peristome simple, the right margin straightened, 
receding above and below, columellar margin narrowly re- 
flexed, adnate above; the margins subparallel. Length 7, 
diam. 2, aperture 2x1 mm. Distinguished from 0. rarum 
by the flat whorls, the shallow and very oblique suture, the 
outer lip which is not arcuate above, and the growth-lines 
which above bend backwards to the suture ; also by the slim, 
needle-shaped contour " (Miller). 

Ecuador: Guayaquil (Wolf). 

ANTILLEAN SPECIES. 

A few forms of Opeas, none of them well known, have been, 
described from the West Indies, in addition to the generally 
distributed 0. gracile, micro,, beckianum and goodalli. 


204 ANTILLEAN OPEAS. 

5. 0. PLICATUM ('Guilding' Pfr.) Unfigured. 

Shell imperf orate, oblong, pale corneous, thin, pellucid, 
longitudinally closely plicate. Spire obtuse. "Whorls 5, con- 
vex, the last a little shorter than the spire. Columella nearly 
straight. Aperture oval; peristome unexpanded, acute, the 
columellar margin shortly reflexed, appressed. Length 4, 
diam. 2 mill. Aperture 1% mill, long, 1 wide (Pfr.). 

West Indies (coll. Metcalf ) . 

Bulimus plicatus Guilding, PFR., Monographia Hel. Viv. ii, 
p. 170 (Bulimulus plicatus Guilding, MSS.) 

Not figured, and known by the above description only. 

6. 0. SANTANENSE (Pfeiffer). PI. 40, fig. 15. 

Shell nearly imperforate, turrited, thin, slightly striatulate, 
covered with an olive-buff cuticle; spire regularly tapering, 
the apex acute; suture obsoletely crenulate. Whorls 9, con- 
vex, the last about two-sevenths the total length, rounded. 
Columella straightened. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval ; 
peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin slightly 
reflected. Length 11, diam. 3.75, aperture 3x2 mm. (Pfr.). 

Haiti: Pico de Santana in the Sierra Monte Cristi (Hjal- 
marson) . 

Bulimus santanensis PFR., Mal-ak. Bl. v, 1858, p. 151, pi. 3, 
f. 14, 15; Monogr. vi, p. 97. Opeas s., CROSSE, J. de Conch. 
1891, p. 150. 

A conic-turrite shell with very short whorls, known by the 
unique type only. 

7. 0. ALABASTRINUM (Shuttlewortli) . 

Shell very narrowly perforate, turrite-subulate, remotely 
costulate-striate, slightly shining, pellucid, white. Spire 
rather acute. Whorls 7 to 8, a trifle convex, the last scarcely 
one-fourth the total altitude. Suture deep. Columella 
straight. Aperture semiovate ; peristome with the right mar- 
gin slightly sinuous, the columellar margin reflexed, nearly 
closing the perforation. Length 7, diam. 2. 2, aperture 1.33 
x .75 mm. (Skuttl.) . 

Porto Rico: San Juan, very rare (Blauner). 


SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 205 

Stenogyra (0 peas') alabastrina SHUTTL., Diagnosen no. 6, 
p. 139, from Mittheil. naturforsch. Ges. in Bern, 1854, p. 47. 
Bulimus a., PFR., Monogr. iv, 460. 

This very slender species has not been figured, and like 
the next, is known by the original description only. 

8. 0. GOMPHARIUM ( Shuttle worth ). 

Shell very narrowly perforate, conic-turrite, remotely and 
irregularly plicatulate, slightly shining, wax colored. Spire 
rather acute, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the 
last two-sevenths the total length; suture moderate. Colu- 
mella straight. Aperture semioval; peristome with the right 
margin slightly sinuous, columellar margin very narrowly re- 
flexed, nearly closing the perforation. Length 6.5, diam. 2.5, 
aperture 1.75 x 1 mm. (Slmttl.). 

Porto Rico: San Juan, 3 specimens (Blauner). 

Stenogyra (Opeas) gompharium SHUTTL., Diagnosen neuer 
Moll. no. 6, p. 139, in Mittheil. etc., 1854, p. 47. -Bulimus g., 
PFR., Monogr. iv, p. 461. 

SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES. 

Besides species 1 to 4 and 9 to 14, the 0. guatemalense of 
Strebel (no. 20) has been reported from Colombia and 
Ecuador. 

9. 0. MARTENSI ( Strobe!) . PI. 29, fig. 86. 

Shell subperf orate, turrite, thin, hyaline, glossy; greenish 
buff- white ; spire regularly tapering, the apex obtuse, suture 
deep. Whorls 7 to 8, a little convex, the first smooth, the 
rest very delicately striate, the last whorl scarcely one-third 
the total length, rounded basally. Aperture sub rhombic- oval, 
not oblique; peristome simple, the margins joined by a very 
thin callus; columellar margin narrowly reflexed, basal mar- 
gin somewhat rounded ; columella straight, somewhat twisted 
in young specimens. Length maximum 20, minimum 9 mm. 
(Strolel). 

Argentina: Palermo in the environs of Buenos Ayres, rare 
(Strobel). 

Stenogyra martensi STROBEL, Materiali per una Malacos- 


206 SOUTH AMERICAN OPE AS. 

tatica di terra e di acqua dolce dell' Argentinia meridionale, 
1874, p. 27, pi. 1, f. 5. 

This form has, if the figure is correct, shorter whorls than 
0. gracile, while the general shape is similar to that species. 
An indigenous Opeas would hardly be expected to occur 
around Buenos Ayres; and I suspect that when specimens are 
compared, 0. martensi will turn out to be one of the numerous 
aliases concealing Opeas gracile. The type figure is copied 
on my plate. 

10. 0. PELLUCIDUM (Pfeiffer). PL 29, fig. 80. 

Shell subperforate, turrite, very thin, striatulate, glossy, 
pellucid, buff-corneous. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Whorls 
7, a little convex, the last one- third the total length. Colu- 
mella somewhat twisted; aperture squarish oval; peristome 
simple, acute the columellar margin shortly revolute. 

Length 11.5, diam. 4, aperture 4x2 mm. (P/r.). 

Colombia: province of Merida (Funck; Cuniing coll.). 

Bulimus pelkicidus PFR., P. Z. S. 1847, p. 231; Monogr. 

11, p. 156. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 487. 

This shell seems to have the texture of the more lengthened 
0. octogyrum. I have not seen it. 

11. 0. OCTOGYRUM (Pfeiffer). PI. 29, figs. 75 to 79. 

Shell imperforate, subulate, thin, rather smooth, pellucid, 
waxy- whitish. Spire long, the apex obtuse ; suture margined. 
Whorls 8, flattened, a little swollen at the suture; the last 
whorl about one-fourth the total length, slightly tapering 
basally. Aperture oblique, oblong, the peristome simple, un- 
expanded, the right margin arched forward above ; eolumella 
thread-like, slightly arcuate. Length 12.5, diam. 2.66; aper- 
ture 3 x 1.5 mm. (P/r.). 

Venezuela: Caracas (E. Klocke). 

Bulimus octogyrus PFR., Malak. Bl. iii, 1856, p. 45 ; Monogr. 
iv, 458. Opeas o., STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, p. 107, pi. 
7, f. 20, 6; pi. 17, f. 29. 

"This species, according to Pfeiffer's type specimen (pi. 29, 
fig. 79), comes near to 0. sulula in general structure of the 


SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 207 

whorls, but it is much more slender, with relatively larger em- 
bryonic whorls, and rather flat, little convex, proportionally 
lower whorls, at the same time having a distinctly marked 
suture. The sculpture is very inconspicuous, and hence the 
shell is rather glossy. The columellar reflection is distinctly 
developed, leaving an umbilical slit, and it has a thickening on 
the inner side below " (Strebel). 

Strebel figures also a smaller form, 9.5 mm. long with 7y 2 
whorls, also from Venezuela. Fig. 79 is a copy of Strebel's 
photographic figure of the type of octogyrum. 

Stenogyra plicatella Guppy is identical with octogyrum, or 
at most may be distinguishable as a local variety. The de- 
scription follows. 

Var. plicatellum Guppy, (pi. 29, fig. 75). "Shell subu- 
late, long-cylindric, subperforate, corneous, a little shining, 
sinuously striate; whorls 8 to 9, slowly increasing, a little 
convex, the last swollen; suture strong; aperture long, oval; 
peristorne simple, a little sinuous above, the margins joined 
by a thin callus; columella straight, widely reflexed over 
the umbilicus. 

" Length 13, diam. 3.5, height of aperture 3 mm. 

"Length 15, diam. 3.5, height of aperture 2 mm. 

"Length 9, diam. 2, height of aperture 1.5 mm." (Guppy). 

Trinidad (Guppy, type loc.) ; Grenada and St. Vincent 
(Guppy, H. H. Smith) ; St. Lucia (Tate). 

Bulimus octonoides GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xvii, 
1866, p. 50, not of Adams. Stenogyra plicatella GUPPY, Ann. 
Mag. (4), i, 1868, p. 434; Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad 1869, 
p. 239; Journ. of Conch, vii, 1893, p. 213; P. Z. S. 1875, p. 
320. Bulimus p., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 137. Opeas plicatella 
Guppy, CROSSE Journ. de Conch. 1890, p. 45, pi. 2, f. 2. 
SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. i, p. 308, 317, pi. 21, f. 15; 
Journ. of Conch, viii, p. 236. 

In 0. octogyrum the whorls are much flattened, especially 
the later ones, and they are very oblique, the individual whorls 
being very high. The striation is weak, quite unlike 0. subula 
(gracile), consisting of arcuate irregular wrinkles of the very 
glossy surface. The axis is faintly visible through the shell. 


208 SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 

Towards the apex there is some appearance of puckering be- 
low the suture. The spire tapers straightly and is slender 
above, as in typical 0. gracile. The smooth apex is conspicu- 
ously obtuse. The aperture is oblique, long-ovate or piriforni; 
and the columellar margin is rather narrowly reflexed, ap- 
pressed except for a small crevice. A specimen before me 
was received from Mr. Guppy about 40 years ago. Three 
Trinidad specimens measure: 

Length 13.5, diam. 3, aperture 3.2 mm. ; whorls S 1 /^. 

Length 14, diam. 3.1, aperture 3.5 mm;, whorls 8y 2 (fig. 75) . 

Length 12.8, diam. 3, aperture 3.4 mm. ; whorls 8. 

A series before me from Demerara (pi. 29, figs. 76, 77) 
consists of smaller but evidently adult shells, imperforate or 
nearly so. 

Length 10.2, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 7 (fig. 76) . 

Length 9.5, diam. 2.5, aperture 2.9 mm. ; whorls 6% (fig. 77). 

In other respects they are like the Trinidad shells. Some 
of them show irregularly scattered whitish spots due to inci- 
pient disintegration of the surface. Guppy has described a 
small form also from Trinidad. 

Var. amazonicum n. var. PI. 29, fig. 78. 

Shell imperforate, more slender and elongate, but like 
octogyrum and plicatellum in the yellowish tint and in sculp- 
ture. Closely peppered with whitish dots. Length 10.2, 
diam. 2.2, aperture 2.5 mm. ; whorls 8y 2 . The type contains 
two large eggs in the penult, whorl. Para, Brazil (Dr. 
Hubbard) . 

12. 0. RARUM Miller. PI. 29, figs. 82, 83. 

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, corneous, 
brownish above, very glossy; spire convexly conic, the apex 
rounded. Whorls 7, convex, parted by a deep suture, the last 
not a third the total length; columella somewhat twisted, 
receding below. Aperture oblique, suboval, strongly receding 
below; peristome simple, the right margin slightly arcuate, 
columellar margin narrowly reflexed adnate above. Length 
8, diam. 2.6, aperture 2.5 x 1.5 mm. (Mill.) . 


SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 209 

Ecuador: Guayaquil (type loc., Dr. Th. Wolf) ; Guatemala 
and Eastern Mexico (Strebel). 

Opeas rarum MILL., Malak. Bl. (n. F.), i, p. 125, pi. 14, f. 2 
(1879). STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. etc., v, 1882, p. 103, pi. 17, 
f. 8, 17; pi. 7, f. 5. 

Differs from 0. acutius Mill. [0. subula Pfr.] by the wider 
shape, more convex whorls, narrower perforation, greater 
gloss, reddish color of the upper whorls, and the more strongly 
retracted base of the aperture. The very delicate growth- 
strias are strongly arcuate. (Mill.) . 

Strebel remarks that Miller's type which he examined has 
not such terraced whorls as 0. octonoides, and the last whorl 
is represented too full in Miller's figure (copied on my 
plate). The larger of Miller's two specimens measures 8.4 
mm., with 6y 2 whorls. The whorls may increase in height and 
breadth a little faster than in octonoides. The shell is glossy, 
and has a sculpture more like 0. subula than like octonoides 
or lucidum, the columellar reflection also resembling that of 
siibula more than that of caraccasense [beckianum] or even 
octonoides [micro,] . The same form according to Strebel was 
collected by Stark at San Miguel Jucuma, Guatemala. A 
form referred by Strebel to the same species as a "form B" 
was taken by him at the plantation Mirador (State of Vera 
Cruz) . It is somewhat smaller, 7.2 mm. long with 6% whorls, 
the whorls are more distinctly terraced, and the sculpture is 
a little more sharply developed than in typical 0. rarum. 

It is not known to me by specimens. 

13. 0. CAMBA (Orbigny). PI. 27, figs. 50. 

Shell much elongated, turriculate, thin, little transparent, 
smooth to the naked eye, but seen to be perceptibly striate un- 
der the lens ; spire elongated, nearly conic, with obtuse apex ; 
composed of 9 swollen whorls, quite wide and separated by a 
deep suture. Aperture oval, straight, with acute peristome, 
visibly reflexed, the columella flattened and recurved, leaving 
a sort of umbilicus. The general tint is dull white or a little 
brownish, the lip white with an indication of a light violet 
border. Alt. 14, diam. 4 mill. (Orb.) . 


210 SOUTH AMERICAN OPEAS. 

Bolivia : Banks of the Rio Grande, province of Santa Cruz 
de la Sierra (Orb.), probably transported by water from 
the mountains. 

Bulimus camba ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. p. 263, pi. 
41, f. 15-17 (not pi. 34, f. ^-1--E. munsterii) . PFR., Monogr. 

11, p. 115, probably not B. camba of later volumes of the 
Monographia. Not B. (Peronacus) camba PARAVICINI, Boll. 
Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, ix, no. 181, p. 7. 

This species is compared by d'Orbigny with B. scabiosus 
Sowb., but differs by its smoothness. The generic position 
is uncertain. Unknown to me. It has a more convexly conic 
spire than 0. gracile, according to the fignres. 

14. 0. MIMOSARUM (Orbigny). PI. 27, figs. 47. 

Shell turriculate, short, thin, translucent, smooth or with 
a thick, deciduous epidermis usually marked with transverse 
lines; subumbilicate ; spire swollen at the third of its length, 
towards the posterior extremity, and cylindric towards the 
mouth; apical end obtuse; whorls 9, close, narrow and not 
much raised. Aperture oval with acute margins. Color fawn- 
gray. Length 10, diam. 4 mm. (Orb.). 

Bolivia : north side of the Rio Grande between that and the 
village of Pucara, at the foot of the Andes, province of Valle 
Grande, Dept. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra; found chiefly at the 
bases of mimosas (Orbigny) . 

Helix mimosarum ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1835, p. 20. Bulimus 
m., ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. Moll., p. 262, pi. 41, f. 

12, 13, 14. PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 162 ; in, 398 ; iv, 457 ; vi, 96. 
-REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 484. 

According to d 'Orbigny this differs from micra by the 
closer and narrow whorls of the spire, the shorter, more pu- 
poid shape, by the absence of stride, the transversely striated 
epidermis, and finally by being double its size. It evidently 
stands close to 0. beckianum, but differs by the absence of 
sculpture. Pfeiffer describes a specimen in Cuming's collec- 
tion as 12 man. long with 10 convex whorls. 

15. 0. GLOMERATUM (Reeve). PI. 27, figs. 51. 

Shell conically subulate ; not umbilicated ; whorls 9, rounded, 


MEXICAN OPEAS. 211 

smooth ; sutures rather constricted ; aperture nearly orbicular ; 
lip simple; transparent horny. (Eve.}. 

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). 

Bulimus glomeratus R.VE., Conch. Icon, v, pi. 80, f. 591 
(Dec. 1849). PPB., Monogr. iii, p. 366; iv, 435; vi, 75; viii, 
105 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 133, pi. 42, f . 36-38. 

This form, which seems to belong close to 0. beckiamim and 
0. mimosarum, is still known by the original lot only. 
Pfeiffer gives another figure (pi. 27, fig. 48) and a more de- 
tailed description. "Shell subimperforate, oblong-turrite, 
thin, striatulate, pellucid, pale corneous; spire regularly 
tapering, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9, moderately convex, the 
last scarcely two-sevenths the total length, rounded basally; 
columella subarcuate ; aperture diagonal, nearly semicircular ; 
peristome thin, the margins somewhat converging, the right 
margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin very shortly 
reflexed, subappressed. Length 10, diam. 4 mm. ; aperture 
3x2 mm." 

SPECIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Besides several widely spread species described above, and 
those following, an undescribed 0. torulosa Morel, is credited 
to Panama in Nevill's Handlist Ind. Museum, i, p. 163. 
Strebel reports 0. rarum (no. 12) from eastern Mexico. 

16. 0. ARGUTUM n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 68; pi. 40, fig. 9. 

Shell very narrowly perforate, tapering-oblong, very thin, 
corneous, subtransparent ; spire slowly tapering to a very 
obtuse summit. Whorls 5y 2 to 6y 2 > convex, the first 1% 
smooth, the rest densely, arcuately and sharply striate; the 
striae obsolete on the nearly smooth base of the last whorl. 
Aperture subvertical, ovate ; outer lip thin ; columella vertical, 
weakly plicate obliquely near the base, its margin triangularly 
reflexed above. 

Length 6.8, diam. 2.5, aperture 2 mm. (Orizaba). 

Length 6, diam. 2.3, aperture 2 mm. (Orizaba). 

Length 5.6, diam. 2, aperture 2 mm. (Texolo). 

Mexico: Orizaba, 500 ft. above the town (Heilprin exped.) ; 
Texolo, State of Vera Cruz (S. N. Rhoads). 


212 MEXICAN OPEAS. 

This species imitates the contour of 0. micro,, but it differs 
conspicuously from that in the dense, sharp sculpture. Fig. 
68, of pi. 28 represents a specimen from Texolo, pi. 40, fig. 9, 
a larger one from Orizaba, type locality. 

17. 0. YUCATANENSE n. sp. PI. 28, fig. 69. 

Shell very narrowly rirnate, cylindric-turrite, thin, pale 
yellowish corneous, subtransparent, the axis showing faintly 
through. Surface glossy, very finely, weakly striatulate. 
Spire straightly tapering to the very obtuse summit. Whorls 
6 l /2, tumid just below the deeply impressed suture, elsewhere 
moderately convex. Aperture subvertical, trapezoidal-ovate. 
Columella subvertical, with narrowly reflexed edge. Length 
6.5, diam. 1.9, aperture 1.9 mm. 

Yucatan: Ticul (Heilprin exped., 1890). 

This cylindric-tapering form has a deep but narrowly im- 
pressed suture, the whorl below it rising steeply. The sur- 
face is more glossy than 0. gracile and much less sharply 
striate. I have not been able to compare 0. rarum, but with 
the same number of whorls that is a longer shell. 

18. 0. SEMISTRIATUM (Morelet) . PL 29, figs. 84, 85. 

Shell narrowly and deeply rimate, subelongate-couic, thin, 
minutely striate, hyaline, pale corneous-whitish. Spire ob- 
long-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Suture deeply impressed. 
"Whorls 7, a little convex, the embryonic 2 smooth, the third 
and fourth having rather wide-spaced riblets, which disap- 
pear on subsequent whorls; last whorl inflated, shorter than 
the spire; columella, nearly straight, whitish. Aperture acu- 
minate-oval, colored within like the outside ; peristome simple, 
the margins joined by a thin callus; columellar margin di- 
lated, partly covering the umbilicus, basal and outer mar- 
gins acute. Length 12, diam. 5, aperture 4.5 mm. long, 
scarcely 3 wide (C. & F.). 

Mexico: Forest of Palenque, in the State of Chiapas 
(Morelet). 

Bulimus semistriatus MORELET, Testae, novissima ii, p. 10 
(1851). PFR., Monogr. iii, 441. Bulimulus s., CROSSE et 
FISCHER, Moll. Mex. p. 555, pi. 20, f. 14, 15 (description and 
figures of type). Opeas s., MARTENS, Biologia, p. 296. 


MEXICAN OPEAS. 213 

"This little species is chiefly characterized by the riblets 
observable on some of the whorls of the spire, usually the 
third and fourth, and which wholly disappear on the last 
or penultimate whorls " (C. & F.}. 

19. 0. BOCOURTIANUM (Crosse et Fischer) . PI. 29, figs. 87, 88. 
Shell imperforate, subelongate-turrite, thin, translucent, 

slightly ' striatulate, nearly smooth, pale corneous- whitish. 
Spire long, the apex obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 8, 
rather flattened, the embryonic 2 smooth, whitish, the last 
whorl much shorter than the spire (as 2 to 7). Aperture 
subvertical, oblong-oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, the 
margins remote, columellar margin a trifle dilated, basal and 
outer margins acute. Length 9, diam. 2, aperture 2 x 1.25 
mm. (C.&F.}. 

Guatemala: Province of Vera Paz (Bocourt; Paris Mus.), 
in stomach of Glandina plicatula. 

Stenogyra bocourtiana C. & F., Jourii. de Conchyl. xvii, 
1869, p. 424. Bulimus &., PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 136. Opeas 
b., C. & F., Moll. Mex. p. 602, pi. 26, f. 8. MARTENS, Bio- 
logia, Moll., p. 292, with var. pittieri, pi. 17, f. 6 (1898). 

"Distinctly broader and more conical than 0. subula." 

Var. pittieri Martens. PI. 29, fig. 90. 

"Somewhat broad, glossy, diaphanous, distinctly striate; 
whorls a little more convex, 7 only; general shape as in 
,0. bocourtianum, umbilicus almost closed, punctiform; colu- 
mella somewhat twisted. Length 10, diam. 3, aperture 3.5 x 2 
mm." (Martens}. Central Costa Rica at La Palma, 1500 
meters above the sea, beneath tuna plants (cactoids). 
(Pittier} . 

20. 0. GUATEMALENSE Strebel. PI. 29, fig. 91. 

Shell rather strong, rather glossy, light yellowish corneous 
and translucent. The sculpture consists of somewhat irregu- 
larly strong, very fine, closely crowded folds. The first l 1 /^ 
whorls form a cupola, the following increase in width very 
slowly, are but little convex, and are weakly step-like at the 
deep suture; the last has a weak callus deposit on the aper- 


214 MEXICAN OPEAS. 

tural side at the lower half. Length 10.8, diam. 3, aperture 
2.5 x 1.3 mm. ; whorls 8y 2 . (Strebel). 

Guatemala: Coban (Sarg, type loc.) ; Antigua, on moist 
walls (Stoll). Also along the Rio Goto in the Golfo Dulce, 
Costa Rica (Pittier). 

Opeas guatemalensis STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. Land- und 
Susswasser-Conchyl. v, 1882, p. 105, pi. 7, f. 2a. MARTENS, 
Biologia p. 293, with var. ma jus, pi. 17, f. 7. 

This form differs from 0. subula as follows: the shell is 
less acuminate, the whorls are comparatively lower, increase 
more slowly in breadth, and are less convex ; the last is weakly 
keeled, and in dorsal view appears not so tapering downwards. 
The sculpture is not so sharp and is somewhat more irregu- 
lar (Strebel}. 

Strebel also reports a form of the species from Colombia, of 
somewhat wider contour, especially below, and with somewhat 
coarser sculpture (Beitrag pi. 7, f. 3; pi. 17, f. 26). He also 
reports it from Ecuador. 

Var. majus Martens. PI. 29, fig. 89. 

Very solid, pale yellowish, somewhat shining, finely stri- 
ated ; whorls 9, somewhat angulate and whitish at the suture, 
which is rather deep. Colurnellar margin of the aperture 
straight, vertical, broad, provided with a very fine fold, which 
runs from inside obliquely to the middle of the outer margin. 
Length 15, diam. 3.5, aperture 3.5 x 2 mm. ; whorls 9. 
(Martens} . 

TV. Guatemala: Miramar, near San Francisco, in the Costa 
Cuca (Stoll). 

21. 0. GLADIOLUS Crosse et Fischer. PI. 29, figs. 93. 

Shell covered-rimate, long, subulate-turrited, thin, slightly 
striatulate, diaphanous, pale waxy-whitish. Spire much 
lengthened, the apex rather obtuse, suture much impressed. 
Whorls 12, rather flat, the embryonic 2 smooth, the last whorl 
much shorter than the spire, tapering basally. Aperture sub- 
vertical, sub-ovate, colored within like the outside; peristome 
simple, unexpended, the margins remote, columellar margin 
somewhat dilated, covering the umbilical crevice in part, 


MEXICAN OPEAS. 215 

basal and outer margins acute. Length 14.5, diani. 2.5, aper- 
ture 2 x 1.25 mm. (C. &F.}. 

Guatemala (F. Sarg). 

Opeas gladiolus C. &. F., Journ. de Conchyl. xxv, 1877, p. 
272 ; Moll. Mex. i, p. 604, pi. 26, f . 10. MARTENS, Biologia, p. 
293, pi. 17, f. 8 ? (Merida, Yucatan). 

This species, of a veiy elongate shape with many nearly 
flat whorls, seems very distinct from its 'congeners in Mexico 
and Guatemala. It is not without similarity to 0. colimense, 
but it is more slender, more subulate, the whorls are more 
numerous, proportionately smaller, and the aperture is not so 
large (C. &. F.). 

22. 0. COLIMENSE (Crosse et Fischer). PI. 29, figs. 92, 94. 

' ' Shell with an almost closed umbilical crevice, long-turrited, 
thin, translucent, with fine longitudinal stria?, pale corneous- 
whitish, with inconspicuous transverse whitish lines which 
sometimes disappear. Spire long, the apex obtuse. Suture 
much impressed, deep, whitish. Whorls 10, not very convex, 
the first two smooth, the laist much shorter than the spire. 
Aperture subvertical, oblong-ovate ; peristome simple, unex- 
panded, the margins distant, the columellar margin a little 
dilated, basal and outer margins acute. Length 15.5, diam. 
3.25, aperture 3x2 mm." (C. & F.). 

State of Colima, S. W. Mexico (Xantus, type loc.) ; Cor- 
dova, State of Vera Cruz (Hoge). 

Stenogyra colimensis C. & F., Journ. de Conch, xvii, 1869, 
p. 424. Opcas c., C. & F., Miss. Sci. an Mex., Moll, i, p. 603, 
pi. 26, f. 9. Martens, Biologia, Moll., p. 293. 

This species is notable for its length, the spire tapering 
regularly as in 0. gracile, but composed of shorter, more con- 
vex whorls. The spiral whitish lines mentioned by Crosse and 
Fischer are probably due to incipient disintegration of the 
cuticle, letting air into it. They are present to some degree 
on three of the four specimens I have seen, being most con- 
spicuous on the last whorl. The largest one before me meas- 
ures, length 14, diani. 3.2, aperture 3 mm., whorls 9%. 


216 AMERICAN PSEUDOPEAS. 

23. 0. ADAMSI n. sp. PI. 50, fig. 18. 

Shell minutely perforate, subcylindric, thin but moderately 
strong, milky-corneous, somewhat translucent. Surface sculp- 
tured with excessively fine, close stride, which are slightly arcu- 
ate and a little oblique. Whorls 8%, quite convex, the later 
ones a little flattened in the middle; suture very deeply im- 
pressed. Base of the last whorl very convex. Aperture 
slightly oblique, small, rhombic-ovate. Outer lip arched for- 
ward a little above. Oolumella slightly concave, dilated above. 
Length 8.9, diam. 2, length of aperture 2 mm. 

Panama (C. B. Adams). Type in coll. Amherst College. 

This very slender and narrow species is related to 0. coli- 
mense, which is larger, more tapering and more coarsely 
striatulate. It is named in honor of Professor C. B. Adams. 

Genus PSEUDOPEAS Putz. 

See p. 114. The following species has the embryonic shell- 
sculpture and viviparous reproduction of this African genus. 

P. VIVIPARUM (Miller). PI. 29, fig. 81. 

"Shell rimate, thin, glossy, diaphanous, fulvous, ribbed; 
spire turrite, the apex rounded; whorls 5%, convex the first 
minutely decussate, very rapidly increasing, the following 
whorls ribbed, the ribs acute, arcuate, sometimes split, the 
intervals flat, twice the width of the ribs; last whorl flat- 
tened at the periphery, not half the total length. Colu- 
mella straightened. Aperture acuminate-oval, not oblique; 
peristome simple, acute, receding above, the columellar mar- 
gin angularly reflexed, dilated, adnate above; margins sub- 
parallel, joined by a parietal callus. Length 6, diam. 3, aper- 
ture 2.5 x 1.5 mm." (Mill.}. 

Ecuador: Val de Pilaton, over 1000 meters above the sea, 
on leaves (Boetzkes). 

Opeas viviparum MILLER, Malak. Blatter xxv, 1878, p. 
197 ; and neue Folge i, 1879, pi. 6, fig. 4. 

The single specimen examined by Miller contained the 
viscera, in which two embryo shells were found. They con- 
sist of 1.1/2 whorls, with very delicate, close spiral striation. 


TRISTANIA. 217 

Genus TRISTANIA Boettger. 

Tristania BTTG., Systematisches Verzeichniss der lebenden 
Arten der Landschnecken-Gattung Clausilia Drap, in 17r. und 
18r. Bericht Offenbacher Vereins fiir Naturkunde, 1878, p. 
19. Not Tristania Kirby, 1892. 

Shell sinistral, perforate, oblon'g-turrite, pale brown, com- 
posed f G 1 /^ to 8^ convex whorls ; apex obtuse, smooth and 
rounded. Aperture ovate, peristome simple, thin, the colu- 
mellar margin well expanded, parietal callus thin. 

Soft anatomy unknown. Type T. tristensis. 

The reference of this group to the Palajarctic genus Balea 
was evidently due to its turrite shape and sinistral coil. 
Its rank and position are uncertain, pending information on 
the soft anatomy, but a place near Opeas seems indicated by 
the characters now known. No sinistral Opeas has been 
described, but throughout the Achatinidce there are occa- 
sional sinistral species or groups among the dextral forms. 

Neither species has been adequately illustrated. Boettger 
had apparently not seen them. He gave no diagnosis of 
Tristania. 

1. T. TRISTENSIS (Gray). PI. 40, fig. 10. 

Shell subulate-ovate, reddish-brown, axis .4, cliam. .1 of 
an inch (Gray). 

"This species is more slender and longer than B. ventri- 
cosa, and has one and at times two additional whorls, which 
tare more convex and more slowly enlarging. The characters 
of the sculpture, of the umbilicus, and aperture are very 
alike in both forms, the latter of course being shorter in 
proportion to the total length of the shell." (E. A. Smith). 

Tristan d'Acunha (Capt. Carmichael; Challenger). 

Balea tristensis Leach Mss., GRAY, Zoological Journal i, 
p. 62-63, pi. 6, f. A (1825). PFR., Monogr. ii, p. 388. Pupa 
tristensis GRAY, Ann. of Philos. 1825, ix, p. 413. Balea 
(Tristania) t., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 279. 

2. T. VENTRICOSA (Gray). PI. 40, fig. 11. 

Shell lanceolate-ovate, pale brown, axis .3, diam. .1 of an 
inch (Gray). 


218 LUNTIA. 

"This species has not, as far as I can ascertain, ever been 
fully characterized, the diagnosis of Gray, consisting of five 
words only, being totally inadequate. It may be described as 
pupiform, pale olive-brown, narrowly rimate, sculptured with 
rather strong oblique lines of growth. The whorls are six and 
a half to seven in number, rather rapidly enlarging, convex, 
divided by a deep oblique suture. The spire has curved 
outlines, and terminates above in an obtuse rounded, smooth 
apex. The aperture is rather large, and occupies somewhat 
less than a third of the total length. The peristome is thin, 
narrowly reflexed on the left of the aperture, and rather 
broadly expanded in the umbilical region, and has the ex- 
tremities, which converge but very slightly, connected by a 
thin callus spread over the whorl. Length 8 mm. ; diarn. 
31/2; length of aperture 2y 3 , width 2." (E. A. Smith.} 

Tristan d'Acunha (Capt. Carmichael) ; Inaccessible Island, 
Tristan d'Acunha (Challenger Exped.). 

Balea ventricosa Leach Mss., GRAY, Zoological Journal i, 
p. 62, pi. 6, f. B. Pfr., Monogr. ii, p. 389. Pupa v., GRAY, 
Ann. of Philos. ix, 1825, p. 413. B. (Tristania) v., SMITH, 
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 278. 

Genus LUNTIA E. A. Smith. 

Journal of Oonchology ix, p. 28, Jan. 1898, for L. 
insignis. 

"Shell elongate, slender, imperf orate ; columella twisted, 
obliquely truncate in front, covered with a reflexed callus; 
outer lip conspicuously sinuate above at the suture, slightly 
thickened below the sinus " (Smith). 

"This genus of Stenogyridce is allied to Siibulina, but is 
distinguished by the sinus at the upper part of the lab-rum." 
(Smith). The single species is from Trinidad. 

1. L. INSIGNIS Smith. PI. 40, fig. 7. 

Shell small, long, slender, imperforate, white, the apex 
mammillate. "Whorls 7, the first two large, smooth, the rest 
convex, sculptured with delicate arcuate riblets, more or 
less running out below, projecting above at the sutures. Ap- 
erture small, inversely auriform; columella arcuate twisted 


TORNAXIS. 219 

below, obliquely truncate, covered with a rather thick white 
callus which joins the lip above. Outer lip projecting in the 
middle, deeply sinuated above, slightly thickened below the 
sinus. Length 5.5, dram. 1.33, aperture 1.33 x 1 mm. 
(Smith). 

Trinidad (J. H. Ponsonby). 

Lunt'ia insignis SM., Journ. of Conchology ix, p. 28, fig. 
8 (Jan. 1898). 

"The slender costse being produced above, give the suture 
a crenulated appearance, and below, as a rule, they do not 
extend quite across the whorls. The columellar callus is very 
thick, the upper part almost forming a tubercle" (Smith). 

Genus TORNAXIS von Martens. 

Biologia Centrali Americana, Mollusca, p. 311 (April, 
1898), for T. singularis. 

' ' Shell turrite, imperf orate, vertically postulated, not shin- 
ing, many-whorled, not keeled ; aperture ovate, external mar- 
gin simple, arcuate; columellar margin very thick, strongly 
twisted, separated by a deep and narrow notch from the 
basal margin. Anatomy not yet known. 

"This genus possesses to a certain extent the characters 
of both Subulina and Spiraxis as regards the form of the 
aperture, but in its general aspect it approaches nearer to 
Rhodea H. & A. Adams, from which it only differs in the 
absence of the prominent spiral keel in the terminal whorls. 

Named from axis, and tornare, to turn on a lathe ; analog- 
ous to Spiraxis" (v. Mts.). 

This genus resembles Lu-ntia in its thick columellar callus, 
notched base and costulate surface, but differs by the simply 
arcuate outer lip, not deeply sinuate above. Soft anatomy 
and embryonic whorls unknown. 

1. T. SINGULARIS Martens. PL 40, fig. 16. 

"Shell cylindrically turrite solid, with vertical narrow 
costse, separated by interstices which are from two to four 
times as broad as the costfe, of dull greenish color. Whorls 
very convex, with simple linear sutures, six in number in the 
only specimen obtained, which is broken above (there are, 


220 SUBULINA. 

no doubt, considerably more in perfect examples) ; last whorl 
rounded in the periphery, somewhat concavely attenuated 
and produced at the base. Aperture distinctly oblique, asym- 
metrically ovate, acute above, regularly arcuated at the 
outer side, sinuous in the form of an S on the columellar 
side, rounded at the base; external margin thin, simple, 
arcuate; columellar margin formed by a strong, thick, white, 
spirally twisted line, which enters above into the interior of 
the aperture, and is terminated at the base by a vertical 
narrow notch. Length (of the injured shell) 11 mm., diarn. 
including the aperture 3, diam. of the penultimate whorl 
2i/2 ; aperture 2y 2 mm. long, iy 2 broad. Last whorl, seen 
from the dorsal side, one-third of the length of the six 
preserved whorls united." (v. Mts.). 

E. Guatemala: Panzos (Conradt). 

Tornaxis singularis MARTS., Biol. Centr. Am. Moll., p. 311, 
pi. 18, f. 6 (April, 1898). 

"In the unique specimen the costae are rubbed down here 
and there, and the hole of the upper breach is open, which 
proves that the upper whorls have not been lost during life." 

Genus SUBULINA Beck, 1837. 

Siibulina BECK in part, Index Moll. p. 76. HERRMANNSEN, 
Indicis Gen. Malac. ii, p. 522 (Feb. 1849). GRAY, P. Z. S. 
1847, p. 177, 178, and of most modern authors. Macrospira 
SWAINSON, in part, Shells and Shell-fish, p. 335, for octona 
auct. and apcrta Gldg. (1840). Stenogyra, Achatina and 
Bulimus of older authors. 

For generic description see p. 71. In America Subulina 
inhabits nearly the whole tropical region, but there are very 
few species. 

The shell is very similar to that of the agnathous group 
Pseudosubulina, but the latter is generally more strongly 
sculptured with vertical riblets. 

Subulina differs from Homorus by its clear, more or less 
li-nnsparent shell, without dark streaks, and by the generally 
smaller size and narrower contour. It must be admitted that 
at present the two groups are retained as separate genera, on 


SUBULINA. 221 

very unsatisfactory -characters. Probably the clear Abyssinian 
forms belong to Subulina rather than to Homorus. One 
species temporarily referred to this genus, S. vivipara (p. 80) 
brings forth living young, but the typical Subulinas of 
America and West Africa are oviparous. A sub-genus 
Nothapalus has been erected by Von Martens for the African 
S. paucispira, p. 95. It is likely that S. bicolumellaris (p. 
90) will be removed from Subulina, at least as a subgenus. 
Among American forms the most remarkable is S. stolli, which 
has large protuberances on the embryonic whorls. 

Beck originally proposed the name Subulina for the follow- 
ing species: (1) S. cyanostoma Riipp., (2) turritellata Dh., 
(3) striatella Rang., (4) malaguetana Rang., (5) monoeeros 
Bck., (6) propinqua Beck, (7) terebraster Lam., (8) octona 
Ch., (9) crotalariae Sclium., (10) carinulata Beck, (11) pu- 
paeformis Beck, (12) S. ? sericata Beck. 

The first species of the list was made type of Homorus by 
Albers, 1850; Species 6, 10, 11, 12 are nude names; 7 is an 
Obeliscus; 2 and 4 are species of uncertain generic relation- 
ships; leaving species 3, 5, 8, 9 to represent the group of 
8. octona. Gray in 1847 and Herrmannen, 1849, agreed in 
selecting as type of Subulina the commonest and best known 
species, S. octona a course approved by practically all later 
writers who have recognized the group. 

Key to American Species. 

I. Embryonic whorls smooth except for subsutural cremi- 
lation. 

a. Surface smoothish, only irregularly wrinkled or 
striatulate. 

b. Whorls quite convex; columella very con- 
cave above; 15-24 mm. long, with 8-10 
whorls. S. octona, no. 1. 

bb. Similar, 11 x 3.5 mm. with 7 whorls; 
Peru. S. yatesi, no. 2. 

bbb. Columella slightly twisted, obliquely trun- 
cate below; 11.5 x 3.3 mm., whorls 7. 

S. confusa, no. 3. 


222 


SUBULINA. 


bibb. Shell slender, the columellar margin but 
slightly concave ; 21 to 25 mm. long, 4.5 to 
5 wide, with 9y 2 whorls. Mexico. 

8. porrecta, no. 5. 

aa. Surface very densely, finely striate; aperture as in 
S-. octona ; 9 x 3 mm. with 6% whorls. Para. 

8. parana, no. 4. 

aaa. Surface with distant, inconspicuous riblets; 8x2 
mm. with 11 whorls. Guatemala, 

8. cylindrella, no. 6. 

II. Embryonic whorls with large protuberances, the rest 
sculptured with delicate, close vertical riblets. Guatemala. 

8. stolli, no. 7. 

1. S. OCTONA (Bruguiere). PI. 39, figs. 28 to 37, 39, 40. 

Shell imperforate, thin, translucent, yellowish- corneus, tur- 
rite, regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, ir- 
regularly wrinkle-striate. Whorls 9 to 11, quite convex, 
parted by a deep and in places irregularly crenulate suture, 
the first 2y 2 or 3 whorls, regularly crenulated by a series of 
short, fine subsutural folds. Aperture small, ovate, somewhat 
oblique; outer lip thin; columella concave above, obliquely 
and deeply truncate at its base. 

Length 21.5, diam. 5, aperture 4.7 mm., whorls 10 
(S. Domingo). 

Length 22.9, diam. 5, aperture 4.3 mm., whorls 11 
(S. Domingo). 

Length 20, diam. 4.4, aperture 4 mm., whorls 9% 
(S. Souci). 

Length 21, diam. 4.2, aperture 4 mm., whorls 10 
(Tabasco). 

Tropical America. I have examined specimens from the 
following localities: Antilles: Bermuda; Nassau N. P., Ba- 
hamas ; Havana, Matanzas and Cienfuegos, Cuba ; Port An- 
tonio, Blackstone R. and Poms, Jamaica; Jeremie, Char- 
mattes, Cape Hatian, Sans Souci and S. Domingo City, Haiti ; 
Porto Rico; Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Antigua, Tortola, 
St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Barbados. South 


SUBULINA. 223 

America: Trinidad, La Guayra and Puerto Cabello, Vene- 
zuela ; Para, Brazil. North America : Nicaragua, Costa Rica, 
Yucatan, San Juan Bautista, Tabasco. Introduced at Miami, 
Florida, and in hothouses in Philadelphia, etc. For addi- 
tional records of American localities see references below. 

Helix octona India; Occident alls CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. 
Cabinet, ix, p. 190, pi. 136, f. 1264 (1786). Not Helix octona 
Linne/c/- Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch, p. 381. Bulimus octonus 
BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 325 (1792). Achatina octona 
ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 168, pi. 11, f . 4-6 ; Voy. Amer. Merid. 
p. 260 (Guayaquil). PFR., Monographic Hel. Viv. ii, 266; 
iii, 501 ; iv, 613 ; vi, 233 ; Conch. Cab. p. 342, pi. 37, f . 19, 20, 
(references to early literature). HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, 
p. 138. Macrospira octona SWAINS., Malacol. p. 335. Sira 
octona SCHMIDT, Stylommat. pp. 5, 42. Stenogyra octona 
Chemn., MAZE, Journ. de Conch. 1883, p. 5, 41, 47, 51 ; 1890, 
p. 22 (Guadeloupe and its dependencies) ; 1874, p. 158 
(Martinique). BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 100, 
(teeth, Bahia specimen) . GUPPY, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 320 
(Trinidad). T ATE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), iv, 1869, p. 356 
(St. Lucia). MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venezuelas p. 35 (Puerto 
Cabello, Caracas). VON MARTENS, Biologia Centrali Ameri- 
cana, Moll., p. 298, 638 (Vera Cruz, Mex. ; many places in 
Central America, etc.), with var. strebeli, p. 299, based upon 
Strebel, Beitrag, p. 116, pi. 7, f. 16 (Campeche). #Zm^'na 
octona SMITH, Proe. Make. Soc. Lond. i, p. 309, 317, 322 (St. 
Vincent, Grenada, Mustique, H. H. Smith). CROSSE, Journ. 
de Conch. 1891, p. 150 (Haiti, around Jeremie, Weinland, and 
Dondon, Rolle) ; Journ. de Conch. 1892, p. 29 (Porto Rico 
at San Juan, Fajardo, Ceiba, Humacao, Luquillo, Vieques) . 
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 594 (Dominica) ; 1879, p. 485, pi. 
40, f. 16 (Costa Rica) . PILSBRY, Nautilus vi, 107, viii, 137 
(Greenhouses in Phila.). COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 
1887, p. 241 (synonymy, dist, in S. Amer.). Achatina tro- 
cJilea PFR., Syrnbolse ad Hist. Hel. ii, p. 59, 1842 (Mexico) ; 
Monogr. ii, p. 266; Conchyl. Cab. p. 343, pi. 37, f. 23, 24.- 
Subulina, trochlea, STREBEL, Beitrag v, p. 115, pi. 7, f. 16 
(left fig.), pi. 17, f. 32; pi. 18, f. 1, 12-16, 18-24 (anatomy). 


224 SUBULINA. 

S. octona var. trochlea MARTENS, Biologia, p. 299, pi. 17, f. 
13. Sulnluia guayaquilcnsis MILLER, Malak. Bl. n. F. i, p. 
126, pi. 13, f. 5 (1879) ; cf. STREBEL, Beitrag Mex. v, p. 116.- 
? Subulina monoceros BECK, Index Moll. p. 77, with var. 
colonibiensis and boliviano,, not described, but said to = 
H. octona var. a d'Orb. Achatina novenaria ANTON, Ver- 
zeichniss, p. 44, no. 1601. Achatina panamensis MUHLFELDT 
in coll. according to Pf eiff er. 

Brugiiiere's description of this species is not convincing 
but in the absence of incontrovertible data showing that he 
had some other species, it would be pedantic to change the 
name. He refers to Chemnitz's figures which doubtless rep- 
resent what we now know as octona. No measurements are 
given. It is a common species in Guadeloupe and ' Saint 
Domingue," the type localities cited by Bruguiere. In many 
but not all Antillean specimens, the subsutural crenulation of 
the embryonic shell is less conspicuous than in most continen- 
tal shells. After carefully going over a collection of some 
thousands of shells from a great many places, I can find no 
adequate ground for the erection of subspecies or local varie- 
ties, though there is considerable variation, as shown in the 
figures. Pfeiffer's A. trochlea (pi. 39, fig. 40) is merely a 
large specimen, 23 x 5 mm., with 10 whorls. Var. strebeli 
Martens (pi. 39, fig. 36) described as "somewhat longer, 25-26 
mm., with more whorls, 11-12, and a comparatively small 
aperture," from the court of a house at Campeche, is evi- 
dently only a well-grown individual. Snbulina (juayaquilensis 
Miller was based upon a large form of S. octona, measuring 
length 22, diam. 4, aperture 3.5 x 2.5 mm., with 11 whorls. 
It was found in quantity in gardens at Guayaquil, Ecuador. 
It has absolutely no claim to specific distinction. 

Specimens are figured from Santo Domingo City pi. 39, figs. 
28, 29; Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, figs. 30, 31, 32; Morant 
Bay, Jamaica, fig. 33; San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, fig. 34; 
Izamal, Yucatan, fig. 35; Sans Souci, near Cape Haitian, fig. 
37, and a drawing of the living animal by Gabb, Costa Rica, 
fig. 39. 


SUBULINA. 225 

2. S. YATESI (Pfeiffer). 

Shell turrite, rather thin, lightly striatulate, diaphanous, 
waxen ; the spire regularly tapering, apex obtuse ; suture deep. 
Whorls 7, convex, the last slightly over one-fourth the total 
length, subangular below the middle. Columella arcuate, 
obliquely distinctly truncate. Aperture slightly oblique, oval- 
rounded; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 11, diam. 
3.5, aperture 3x2 mm. (P/V.). 

Peru: Moyobamba (Yates, in Pfr. coll.). 

Achatina yatesi PFR., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 99; Monographia 
iv, 613. 

An unfigured form, somewhat smaller than S. octona though 
no very tangible differential characters are given in the 
diagnosis to separate Yatesi from that common species in an 
immature stage. 

3. S. CONFUSA (Pfeiffer). PI. 40, fig. 6. 

Shell elongate, subcylindric, striatulate, glossy, pellucid, 
greenish-hyaline. Spire elongate, the apex tapering in a short 
cone. Whorls 7, a little convex, the last a little exceeding one- 
fourth the total length, subcompressed laterally. Columella 
lightly twisted, obliquely truncate at base. Aperture oblique, 
subrhombic-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 11.5, 
diam. 3.33, aperture 3 mm. long (Pfr.). 

Habitat unknown (Mus. Cuming) . 

Achatina confusa PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1852, p. 63; 
Monogr. iii, 501. Bulimus lacterionides SOWERBY, Conch. II- 
lustr. f. 83. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 68, f. 482 (not of 
Orbigny) . 

Orbigny's B. bacterionides is apparently referable to 
Oleliseus, while the shell figured under that name by Sowerby 
and Reeve seems to be a Subulina. Like the preceding species, 
this still needs elucidation. Reeve's figure is copied. 

4. S. PARANA n. sp. PI. 40, fig. 8. 

Shell imperforate, turrite, thin, corneous, often faintly 
brown-tinted on the spire. Surface glossy, very densely and 
finely striate, the stride weaker on the base, and absent on the 
two apical whorls, where they are represented by a fine 


226 SUBULINA. 

delicate plication below the suture. Spire straightly taper- 
ing, the summit obtuse. Whorls 6%, convex, parted by a 
delicately crenulate suture. Last whorl weakly subangular 
at the periphery. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Outer 
lip thin and sharp as usual. Columella concave above, ob- 
liquely truncate near the base, sigmoid in an oblique view 
in the mouth. Length 9, diam. 3, aperture 2.8 mm. 

Brazil: twenty miles below Para. Cotypes in .coll. A. N. 
S. P. and J. Ritchie, Jr. 

This species is closely related to S. octona but differs con- 
stantly by its closely, finely striate surface, somewhat re- 
sembling the West African forms. It probably attains a 
greater size. 

5. S. PORRECTA Martens. PI. 39, figs. 23, 24, 25. 

Shell imperforate, cylindric-subulate, rather solid, lightly 
striatulate, yellowish-waxen, moderately glossy, unicolored, 
the apex globular. Whorls 9%, the upper ones a little con- 
vex, the lower flattened, slightly wider than high, the last 
whorl higher than wide, gradually tapering basally. Aper- 
ture long-ovate, the columellar margin slightly concave, very 
obliquely truncate towards the base. Length 21 to 25, diam. 
4.5 to 5, aperture 4.5 x 2 to 4.66 x 2.5 mm. (Marts.). 

Mexico: Teapa, State of Tabasco ( H. H. Smith). 

S. porrecta MARTS., Biologia p. 300, pi. 17, f. 14 (April, 
1898). S. trocklea in part, FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Sci. Mex., 
Moll, i, p. 642, pi. 25, f. 14 (Yucatan). 

"Distinct from 8. octona and its variety trochlea chiefly by 
the more slender and less convex form of the last whorls, and 
the scarcely concave columellar margin" (Marts.). 

6. S. CYLINDRELLA (Morelet) . PI. 39, figs. 26, 27. 

Shell subulate-turrite, irregularly sculptured with distant, 
not very conspicuous riblets, thin, hyaline, pale corneous. 
Spire long, the apex obtuse, rounded; suture impressed. 
Whorls 11, a little convex, the first two smooth, the last much 
shorter than the spire, not one-fourth the total length, the 
base nearly smooth, aperture subovate ; peristome simple, pale 
corneous, the margins disjoined, columellar margin short, sub- 


SYNAPTERPES. 227 

arcuate, obliquely a little truncate, the basal and outer mar- 
gins acute. Length. 8, diam. 2, aperture 1.5 x 1 mm. 
(Crosse et Fisch.). 

Guatemala: woods of Peten, near San Luis. (Morelet). 

Achatina cylindrella MORELET, Test. Noviss. ii, p. 12 (1851). 
-PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 502. Subulina c., CROSSE et FISCHER, 
Miss. Sci.^lex., Moll., p. 634, pi. 25, f. 13. MARTENS, Biologia, 
p. 300. 

"Distinct from the species of Pseudosubulina by the less 
numerous costce with large interstices, and by the form of 
the columellar margin which agrees very well with that of 
S. octona. The only specimen seen (and figured) by Crosse 
and Fischer is not quite full grown, so that the form of the 
columella in the adult is not quite certain. 

7. S. STOLLI Martens. PI. 39, figs. 20, 21, 22. 

Shell imperforate, long-turrite, rather thin, sculptured with 
delicate, close, vertical riblets, rather glossy, whitish, uni- 
'colored, the apex obtuse. Whorls 11, the first two marked 
with, some smooth protuberances, the following whorls a trifle 
convex, with rather deep, somewhat irregular and incrusted 
suture, last whorl rapidly tapering basally, smooth. Aper- 
ture oblong-elliptical, the outer margin lightly arcuate, basal 
margin short, columellar deeply concave, distinctly truncate 
at the base. Length 24, diam. 5.5, aperture 5 x 3.5 mm. 
(Marts.). 

Guatemala: Vera Paz (Stoll). 

S. stolli MARTS., Biologia Central! Amer. p. 300, pi. 17, f. 15. 

"General form a little more conical than in 8. octona, 
from which it is well distinguished by the sculpture. The 
strong protuberances on the first two whorls are very pecu- 
liar" (Marts.). 

Genus SYNAPTERPES Pilsbry, 1896. 

Synapterpes PILS., Nautilus x, p. 46, August, 1896, type 
Bui. lianleyi Pfr. Oxyclieilus Albers, Die Hel., p. 174 
(1850), not Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833, nor Oxycheila Dej., 
1825. Orphnus and Bulimiis sp., auct. 


228 SYNAPTERPES. 

Shell riniate or imperforate, ovate-turrite, thin, glossy, 
composed of 7 or 8 whorls, which are crenulated below the 
sutures, the embryonic whorls smooth, summit obtuse but not 
bulbous, with a comma-shaped apical dimple. Aperture 
long-ovate, with thin, sharp outer lip ; columella slender, 
strightened above, broadly concave below, not truncate, its 
edge narrowly reflexed above. Type S. hanleyi. 

The soft anatomy is not known, with certainty. Mr. W. 
G. Binney has described the jaw and teeth of hanleyi and 
figured the latter, as similar to Strophocheilus ; but the con- 
chological features of the snail are so at variance with this 
result that I am disposed to think that some misidentification 
or inadvertent exchange of radula? in mounting may have 
occurred. 

The genus differs from Obeliscus by its long-ovate shape, 
smaller number of whorls, and deeper apical dimple. The 
shell unites the Bulimoid form and the Stenogyroid texture. 

The genus is somewhat heterogeneous, but I feel that 
little progress can be made towards a more natural group- 
ing until we have more knowledge of the South American 
fauna. The following subgenera may for the present be 
recognized. 

SYNAPTERPES s. str. Embryonic shell smooth; aperture 
Bulimoid, the columella entire below. Species 1-3. 

PROMOUSSONIUS. Embryonic whorls large and arcuately 
rib-striate, the rest decussate; columella, entire. Species 4. 

CHRYSERPES. Embryonic whorls smooth; columella with 
a small spiral fold 'below; shell glossy, subtranslucent. 
Species 5-7. 

ZONIFERELLA. - - Shell glossy, greenish-black with a white 
peripheral band; aperture Bulimoid. Species 8, 9. 

1. S. HANLEYI (Pfeiffer). PI. 37, figs. 87, 88. 

Shell subimperforate, oblong-subfusiform, thin, pellucid, 
uniform brown. Spire long, rather acute; whorls 7, rather 
flattened, crenulate-striate at the impressed suture, the last 
whorl obliquely descending, about two-fifths the total length. 
Columella nearly straight. Aperture oblong-oval, light blue 


SYNAPTERPES. 229 

inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar- 
gin narrowly reflexed, leaving a very narrow perforation. 
Length 51, diam. 17.5, aperture 23 x 11.5 mm. (P/V.). 

Brazil (Miller, Bescke et. al.}. 

Bulimus hanleyi PFR. in Philippi, Abbild. und Beschreib. 
neuer Conch, ii, p. Ill, pi. 4, f. 2 (August, 1846) ; Monogr. 
ii, p. 171; Conchyl. Cab. p. 222, pi. 61, f. 9, 10. REEVE, C. 
loon, v, pi. 30, f. 181. PILSBRY, Nautilus x, p. 46. Orphnus 1 
lianleyi BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1874, p. 62, Ann. N. Y. 
Acad. Sci. iii, p. 115, pi. 11, f. D (jaw and teeth). Achatina 
sHlemarginata DESK., in Fer., Histoire ii, part 2, p. 187, 
pi. 134, f. 31, 32 (1851) ; included by TRYON in Man. Conch. 

1, p. 35, pi. 6, f. 77. 

Fully adult shells are wholly imperforate with 7% whorls, 
length 51, diam. 20.5, aperture 24 mm. The outer lip is very 
thin and acute, and the suture very distinctly and finely 
crenulate below. 

I feel very little doubt that A. subemarginata Desh. was 
based upon a shell of this species. Its habitat was un- 
known. 

2. S. CORONATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 37, figs. 89, 90. 

Shell imperforate, oblong-turrite, smooth, thin, diaphan- 
ous, waxen-yellowish or whitish. Spire turrite, the apex 
rather obtuse. Whorls 7, rather flattened, coronated with 
close small whitish tubercles at the suture ; the last whorl 
slightly more than one-third the total length. Aperture oval; 
peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin rather 
straightened, flattened, appressed, reflexed. Length 21, 
diam. 7.5, aperture 8x4 mm. (Pfr.). 

Brazil (Pfr.). 

Bulimus coronatus PFR., Symbols ad Hist. Heliceorum 
iii, p. 83 (1846); Monographia ii, p. 168; Conchyl. Cab. p. 
189, pi. 49, f. 13, 14, and large var., f. 15, 16. REEVE, C. 
Icon, v, pi. 64, f. 447. 

Pfeiffer's figure, which I have reproduced (fig. 89) is 
not very good, and an enlarged view is therefore given of 
a specimen measuring 24.8 mm. long, 7.5 wide, aperture 8 


230 SYNAPTEKPES. 

mm. long. The axis is distinctly rimate. The shell is very 
pale yellowish-white. 

3. S. WALLISI (Mousson). PI. 36, figs. 85, 86. 

Shell subperf orate, turrite, decollate (defective?), very 
thin, striatulate, polished, ornamented with very fine, im- 
perfect decussating lines, subdiaphanous, milky whitish. 
Spire defective; suture simple, slightly impressed. Fouir 
whorls remain, slowly increasing, piano-icon vex, last 
not descending, obtusely angular, rather flattened above, 
more convex below. Aperture slightly oblique (18 degrees 
from the axis), widely ovate, obtusely subquadrate basally. 
Peristome straight, acute, a little expanded, the margins 
remote, subparallel, right margin less curved above, more 
at the base ; columellar margin shortly and broadly refiexed 
and appressed at the insertion; obliquely cut off below. 
Columella somewhat twisted, passing into the retracted basal 
margin. Length of defective specimen 26, diam. 12 mm. 
(Mouss.). 

Colombia: lower Magdalena valley (Wallis). 

Stenogyra wallisi Mouss., Malak. Blatter xvi, 1869, p. 178. 
-PFR., Novit. Conch, p. 146, pi. 133, f. 10, 11. Bulimus w., 
PFR., Monogr. viii, 131. 

Mousson received two examples of this fragile Stenogyroid, 
both similarly broken, without a septum or plug to close 
the breach. Besides the delicate whitish and polished but 
finely lineate surface, it is remarkable for the broadly oval 
aperture, basally obtuse-angled on each side. 

Mousson thinks that the entire shell would be 38 mm. 
long, with 10 or 12 whorls; and he mentions the possibility 
that 0. blandi, which seems to be immature, may be a re- 
lated form. The generic position of the species is un- 
certain, and it is placed here merely for want of a better 
place. Pfeiffer's figures of the type are copied on my plate. 

Subgenus PROMOUSSONIUS Pilsbry, 1906. 
Similar to Synapterpcs, but striate and decussate, with the 
embryonic whorls large and arcuately rib-striate. Type S. 
incertus. 


SYNAPTERPES. 231 

4. S. INCERTUS (Mousson). PI. 37, figs. 92, 93, 94. 

Shell imperforate, long subturrite, rather thin, reticulated 
with close, rather rough, striae and spiral lines interrupting 
them; silky; wood-brown, with transverse lines and more 
spaced descending ones. Spire long conic, the summit large 
and very obtuse; suture a little impressed, subcrenulate. 
Whorls . 7, plano-convex, the first elegantly rib-striate, the 
last not ascending, three-eighths the total length, long-ovate, 
rounded at the base. Aperture sub vertical, (25 degrees with 
the axis), narrowly oval, angular above, wider at the base, 
effuse, pale within. Peristome unexpended, acute, the right 
margin long-arcuate, basal margin receding; columellar mar- 
gin thin, wholly appressed. Columella long, somewhat 
twisted, a little thickened below, obliquely sub truncate. 
Length 40, diam. 16 mm. (Mouss.). 

Colombia: Bogota (Wallis). 

Spiraxis incerta Mouss., Malak. Bl. xxi, 1873, p. 14. 
PFR., Monogr. viii, p. 256; Novit. Conch, p. 147, pi. 133, 
f. 12, 13. 

The surface is closely and rather deeply striate, the striae 
being cut by spirals into series of short curves, somewhat 
festoon-like. The surface is pale yellowish-brown, with nu- 
merous brown spiral lines, many of them indistinct, and with 
narrow vertical streaks of the same color. The summit, as 
Mousson remarks, is very large, rounded, and arcuately ir- 
regularly rib-striate, and there is an apical dimple as in 
8. hanleyi. The columella reminds one of that of 8. hanleyi; 
its edge is narrowly reflexed and adnate. A specimen with 
fii/2 whorls, probably not quite adult, measures length 34, 
diam. 14.5, aperture 17 mm. Figures 92, 93 are copies of 
the type figures ; fig. 94 represents the enlarged apex of a 
specimen before me. 

Subgenus CHRYSERPES Pilsbry, 1906. 

Shell glassy, greenish or golden, subtranslucent with 
weakly crenulate suture and smooth apex, the columella with 
a spiral fold below; axis perforate. Type 8. amabilis. 


232 SYNAPTERPES. 

This group may possibly belong to the Oleacinidce near 
Dolicholestes. 

5. S. AURATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 36, fig. 80. 

Shell nearly covered perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, lon- 
gitudinally finely striate, pellucid ; golden, obsoletely marked 
with darker spiral lines. Spire turrite, obtuse; suture sub- 
marginate, minutely crenulate; whorls 7, a trifle convex, the 
last scarcely two-fifths the total length. Columella rather 
straightened. Aperture oval-oblong; peristome simple, un- 
expanded, the colurnellar margin narrowly reflexed, nearly 
appressed. Length 30, diam. 10, aperture 13 x 5.5 mm. 
(P/r.). 

Ecuador: Baeza -and San Jose (Martinez) ; habitat of type 
in Pfr. coll. unknown. 

Bulimus auratus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1846, p. 32 ; Monogr. 
ii, 172. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 51, f. 335. HIDALGO, 
Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, p. 100. Mesembrinus auratus 
Pfr., COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 1887, p. 234. 

A delicate, glassy species, of the substance and color of 
a "Vitrina" (Reeve). Reeve's figure of the type is given. 

Var. aratus n. v. PL 37, figs. 95, 96. 

The whorls, except the very smooth embryonic two, are 
deeply striate longitudinally, the stria? straight; on the 
penult, whorl there are three or four in the space of one 
millimeter. They are strongest near the suture and fade 
out to a large extent on the base of the last whorl. Length 
27, diam. 11, length of aperture 11.8 mm. 

6. S. AMABILIS n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 79. 

Shell nearly covered perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, pale 
green, becoming whitish at the apex, and under a lens 
showing many very faintly darker spiral lines on the last 
whorl. Surface very glossy, weakly but rather closely 
etriate, weakly plicate below the suture, which is just per- 
ceptibly irregular. Spire straightly turrite, the summit ob- 
tuse. Whorls 8y 2 , moderately convex. Aperture a trifle 


SYNAPTERPES. 233 

oblique, acuminate above, narrowed below; outer lip thin 
and simple, not perceptibly arched forward. Columella sub- 
vertical, not reaching the base. There is an oblique fold be- 
low, causing it to be obliquely truncate basally; the colu- 
mellar margin is reflexed. Length 25, diam. 8.7, aperture 
9 mm. 

Colombia: Marmato (T. Bland). 

Closely related to S. auratus Pfr., but having more whorls 
in a smaller shell, a smaller aperture and more distinctly 
truncate columella. The structure of columella and um- 
bilicus is the same in young shells 7 mm. long as in those 
of 25 mm. 

7. S. BISTORTUS (Pfeiffer). 

Shell imperforate, turrite, rather thin, lightly arcuate- 
striate, glossy, pellucid, olive-corneous; spire elongate, sub- 
rectilinear, obtuse ; suture lightly impressed, obsoletely cremi- 
late ; whorls 11, rather flattened, the last one-fourth the total 
length, tapering basally, pale. Columella having two 
twisted, thread-like folds. Aperture oblique, oval-oblong; 
peristome simple, unexpanded. Length 38, diam. 8, aper- 
ture 9x4 mm. (Pfr.}. 

Habitat unknown (coll. Cuming). 

Spiraxis bistort a PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 293; Monogr. 
iv, p. 573. 

An unfigured species, noticed by no later author. A 
somewhat similarly two-plicate columella has been found in 
the African Subnlina columcUaris Martens (see p. 90). Its 
systematic position is uncertain. 

Subgenus ZONIFERELLA Pilsbry, 1906. 

Shell glossy, greenish-black with a white peripheral band; 
columella reflexed, Bulimoid. Oviparous. Type S. albo- 
balteatus. 

The apical whorls have not been described. 

8. S. ALBOBALTEATUS (Dunker). PI. 37, figs. 97, 98. 

Shell small, thin, oblong-ovate, subfusiform, slightly rim- 


234 KHODEA. 

ate; whorls 6 including the nucleus, moderately convex, 
brilliantly glossy, subplicate below the suture. Color trans- 
lucent greenish-black, the last whorl marked with a dis- 
tinctly denned white band. Columella subreflexed, white. 
Lip simple, acute. Aperture somewhat narrowed towards 
the base. Length 13 mm. (Dkr.) . 

Colombia: Pasto, in damp woods (F. C. Lehmann). 

Bulimus albo-balteatus DKR., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. 
ix, 1882, p. 378, pi. 11, f. 7, 8. 

The white belt of the last whorl is largely concealed on 
the upper whorls. In the single specimen taken, there were 
two shining yellowish-white pearl-like eggs, 2 mm. in 
diameter. 

9. S. VESPERUS (Jousseaume). PI. 37, fig. 91. 

Shell ovate-acuminate, thin, very glossy, obsoletely stri- 
atulate, greenish-black with a single white zone. Spire 
rather long conic, the apex obtuse. "Whorls 6, a little con- 
vex, the last ample, a little descending in front. Aperture 
oval ; peristome simple, acute ; columellar margin whitish, 
straight. Length 17, diiam. 8, aperture 8.5 x 4 mm. (Jouss.}. 

Ecuador: Los Puentos, near Quito (A. Cousin). 

Mesembrinus vesperus Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. de France 
xii, 1887, p. 168, pi. 3, f. 2. COUSIN, t, c. p. 234. 

This species, of which but one example was taken, evidently 
stands close to S. albo'balteatus, differing in little except the 
larger size. 

Genus RHODEA H. & A. Ad. 

Rhodea H. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Recent Mollusca ii, 
p. 135, for calif ornica Pfr. (Feb. 1855). CROSSE, Journ. de 
Conchyl. 1876, p. 5. SYKES, Journ. of Malaeol. viii, 1901, 
p. 20 ('catalogue) . 

The shell is imper'forate, eiihcr drxtral or sinistral, pillar- 
shaped or tapering, with obtuse smooth apex; the earlier 
whorls are convex, the lalcr flat or concave, last whorl 
acutely earinate in the middle, deeply concave below the 
keel. The aperture is oblique, sub triangular, channelled at 


RHODEA. 235 

the basal and outer angles. Internal axis ascending in an 
open spiral, at the aperture forming a strong columellar fold 
above, and continuing to the base; columella concave below 
the fold, calloused, and sometimes truncate at the base. 
Viviparous. Soft anatomy unknown. Type E. calif ornica. 

Distribution, Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador. 

A very distinct genus, readily known by its pillar-like 
form, 'acute peripheral keel and gyrate axis. Reproduction 
is viviparous, as first noticed by Bland; the young shells 
at birth having an oblong imperforate shell of about 2 1/2 
whorls, with the columella vertical, somewhat calloused, and 
obliquely truncate basally (pi. 38, fig. 4). The earlier 
whorls are convex, but the sixth already shows an angle at 
the basal periphery. At this stage the columella is sub- 
vertical and very weakly, obliquely excised below (pi. 38, 
fig. 5). Specimens of 8 whorls have a well developed keel, 
concave base, and a spiral swelling around the columella, 
which is becoming weakly gyrate (pi. 38, fig. 6). The fore- 
going account is based upon a series of young E. calif ornica. 

The individual therefore passes through stages like Lep- 
ii tt aria and Obeliscus before assuming the special features of 
Elwdea. I consider the genus to stand nearer Obelise us than 
to any other known group. This was also the opinion of 
Dohrn. 

1. R. CALIFORNIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 38, figs. 1 to 6, 10. 

Shell subulate, thin, obliquely very closely rugose-striate, 
waxy- whitish ; whorls 12 to 13, the upper ones convex, last 
3 or 4 flat, the last whorl a little more than one-sixth the total 
length, acutely carinate at the base, somewhat excavated be- 
low the carina; columella arcuate, reaching the base, thick- 
ened, subtruncate. Aperture sub tetragonal, peristome sim- 
ple, acute. Length 23, diam. 3.5, aperture 4 x 2.25 mm. 

(Pfr.). 

Colombia: Bogota (Akhurst) ; Marmato (Bland). 

Acliatina californica PFR., Symbolae ad Hist.. Hel. iii, p. 
89 (1846) ; Monogr. ii, p. 266; vi, 236. REEVE, Conch. Icon, 
v, pi. 20, f. 115. BINNEY, Terr. Moll. U. S. iv, p. 26, pi. 79, 


236 RHODEA. 

f. 19. BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, p. 166, f. 10. Columna 
(Rhodea) calif ornica H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 135. 
-BINNEY, Land and Fresh- Water Shells of N. A. i, p. 190, 
f. 330. Elwdea calif ornica DOHRN, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. 
Ges. ii, 1875, p. 308. Elwdea pfeifferi CROSSE, Journ. de 
Conch, xxiv, 1876, p. 14, pi. 1, f. 1. PFEIFFER, Monogr. 
viii, p. 255. 

This species was originally described from Cumingian ex- 
amples supposed to be from Monterey, California, but Bland 
ascertained the true locality to be Colombia. Figures 1, 3-6 
represent shells from Marmato. Fresh shells are waxy-whit- 
ish and a little transparent when immature, but the old 
ones become quite opaque and pale yellowish. The striation 
is dense and fine, very oblique and distinct. The stages of 
growth have been described under the generic head. 

Reeve 's figure of the type is copied, pi. 38, f . 10. 

Crosse renamed the species on account of the erroneous- 
locality implied by the original name. 

2. R. GERETI Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 7. 

Shell cylindric-turrite, rod-shaped, obliquely, closely and 
very delicately striate; milk-white, with a thin deciduous 
yellow cuticle. Spire many-whorled, slowly tapering, the 
apex obtuse. Whorls 11, a little convex, regularly increas- 
ing, separated by a deep linear suture ; the early whorls more 
convex, the rest nearly flat; last whorl angulate-carinate, the 
anterior part concave and very minutely striate, contracted. 
Aperture triangular, the outer margin worn, columella 
thickened, spirally twisted, ascending within, around a very 
deep and narrow umbilicus. Length 16, diam. 3 mm. (Jouss.) . 

Colombia. 

Rhodea gereti Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, ii, p. 
38, pi. 1, f. 16 (1900). 

Smallest of the known Rhodeas. The unique example has 
not completed the outer lip. 

3. R. WALLISIANA Dohrn. PI. 38, figs. 11, 12, 14, 15. 

Shell sinistral, cylindric-turrite, thin, closely obliquely 
rugose-striate, chalky under a pale corneous deciduous cuticle 


RHODEA. 237 

without much gloss. "Wliorls 11 to 12, the upper a little 
convex, the middle ones flat, the last two concave in the 
middle, separated by an acute projecting carina; the base of 
the last whorl is excavated around the thread-like, nearly 
straight, much protracted and basally truncate columella; 
margin of the peristome arcuate ; columella encircled with a 
wide lamina. Length 34 to 36, diameter in the middle 5 to 
6 mm.' (Dohrn) . 

Colombia: upper part of the Magdalena valley (Wallis). 

Elwdea ivaUiaiana DOHRN, Nachrbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., vii, 
1875, p. 57, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 307, pi. 10, 
f. 7, 8. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!, xxiv, 1876, p. 21, pi. 1, 
f. 3. 

4. R. CROSSEANA Da Costa. PI. 38, fig. 9. 

Shell cylindrdc, slowly narrowing towards the apex, sub- 
pellucid, corneous. Whorls 13, the upper 3 or 4 smooth, con- 
vex, the following 2 or 3 convex, the rest nearly flat, ob- 
liquely delicately and closely striate, separated by an oblique 
suture which is carinate in the last few whorls; last whorl 
acutely carinate, deeply excavated below the carina. Aper- 
ture irregularly quadrate, bicanaliculate ; columella spirally 
twisted, ascending within, forming an umbilicus penetrating 
nearly to the apex; lip thin, angular in the middle, chan- 
nelled, concave below. Length 31, diam. 5 mm. (Da Costa). 

Rliodea crosseana DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 
305, fig. v (Oct. 1899). 

Colombia: Dagua river (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Type in 
Brit. Mus. 

Very much larger than R. pfeifferi Crosse, with differently 
proportioned whorls; the body- whorl more deeply excavated 
beneath, and the columella differently convoluted and more 
deeply reflexed, so that the basal channel is conspicuously 
deeper (Da C.). 

5. R. GIGANTEA Mousson. PI. 38, figs. 17, 18, 19. 

Shell imperforate, turrite-cylindric, rod-Shaped, obliquely 
closely and evenly plicate-striate, lusterless, covered with a 


238 RHODE A. 

fugacious corneous-gray cuticle. Spire many-whorled, 
slowly tapering, the summit rather obtuse, nucleus hyaline 
and denuded; suture linear. Whorls 14, very slowly in- 
creasing, the first glossy, a little convex, parted by an im- 
pressed suture, the following whorls flat, separated by a 
linear or thread-margined suture ; last whorl concavely con- 
tracted, encircled by a very erect, acute keel, excavated at 
the base, with a second cariiia revolving obliquely around the 
umbilical region. Aperture rather oblique (at 40 degrees 
with the axis), one-seventh the length, triangular, one angle 
at the protracted insertion of the outer lip, the second a right 
angle at the periphery, the third angle at the subvertical, 
twisted, truncate colurnella, Peristome rather obtuse, nar- 
rowly expanded, a trifle reflexed; the oblique upper right 
margin is straight, concave forwardly near the carina ; the 
lower or basal margin is straight and horizontal, joining the 
columella at an angle of 50 degrees; columellar margin nar- 
rowly reflexed, partly free below the carina. Length 56, 
diam, of last whorl 10, at carina 14 mm. (Mouss.). 

Colombia: Bogota (Wallis) ; Sonson in the prov. Antio- 
quia, and in the Cauca Valley. 

Rhodea gigantea Mouss., Malak. Bl. xxi, 1873, p. 15. 
PFR., Novit, Conch, p. 119, pi. 127, f. 10, 11; Monogr. viii, 
p. 253. KOBELT, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges. ii, 1875, p. 222, 
pi. 6, f. 5. CROSSE, Journ. de Conch, xxiv, 1876, p. 18, pi. 
1, f. 2. DA COSTA, Pro'C. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 305, figs, 
i, ii. 

6. R. COUSINI Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 16. 

Shell narrowly and very deeply umbilicate, worm-shaped, 
collared ianteriorly with an acute spiral keel, rather thin, 
corneous-buff, obliquely wavy striate, the apex smooth, ob- 
tusely conoid. Whorls 14, the first a little convex, the fol- 
lowing ones flat, the rest excavated, parted by a straight 
carina at the suture, this carina median on the last whorl, 
which is excavated below it. Aperture suboblique, triangu- 
lar, margin simple, columella thickened, arcuate, reaching 
to the base, forming a channel with the basal margin. 


RHODEA. 239 

Length 40, diam. 5, or across the keel 7 mm. Aperture 5 
mm. (Jouss.) . 

Ecuador: Guallabamba and between Pacto and Pachijal 
(Cousin). 

Eliodea cousini Jouss., Bulletin Societe Philomathique de 
Paris, n. ser. ii, p. 36, pi. 1, f. 15 (1900). 

Smaller than E. gigantea, but larger and more slender than 
R. ivallisiana. It tapers above less than E. gigantea. 

The Bulletin containing M. Jousseaume 's paper was re- 
ceived at the Academy on August 13, 1900. 

7. R. AEQUATORIA Da Costa. PI. 38, fig. 13. 

Shell elongate, cylindric, dextral or sinistral, dirty whitish, 
more or less covered with a buff cuticle. Spire cylindric, 
gradually tapering above, rather obtuse at the summit. 
Whorls 13, the upper 5 a little convex, the following 6 flat, 
the last two concave, carlnate at the periphery, radially stri- 
ate below the angle, flat. Aperture (broken and left blank 
in the figure). Columella arcuate, spirally revolving, form- 
ing a hollow umbilicus. Length 23, diam. 4.5 mm. (Da C.). 

Ecuador: Paramba. 

Eliodea ccquaioria DA C., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. iii, p. 
304, figs, iii and iv (Oct. 1899). Eliodea cequatorica Da C., 
SYKES, Journ. of Malacol. viii, 1901, p. 20. 

'From the imperfect condition of the apertures of these 
shells it is impossible to ascertain the exact form of the 
mouth, but from their general aspect it is probable this is 
similar to that of Eliodea wallisiana Dohrn, which however 
is a somewhat larger species. Two specimens only were 
found by Mr. Rosenberg during his recent travels in Ecuador, 
one being dextral, the other sinistral " (Da C.). 

Mr. Sykes, in his catalogue of the genus, has altered the 
spelling of the name aquatoria, and wrongly quotes the page. 

8. R. EQUATORENSIS Jousseaume. PI. 38, fig. 8. 

Shell cylindric, openly and very deeply umbilicate, thin, 
waxy-white, obliquely very delicately and quite regularly 
striate, whorls 10, the first a little convex, first two whorls 


240 OBELISCUS. 

forming an obtuse apex, to the fifth or sixth tumid and 
greenish, following three flat, the last whorl carinate, some- 
what excavated beneath ; suture impressed, irregularly crenu- 
late. Aperture subtetragonal, somewhat channelled anter- 
iorly. Columella thickened, arcuate, screw-shaped inside. 
Peristome simple, acute. Length 15, diam. 3 mm. (Jouss.). 

Ecuador: Los Puentos (Cousin). 

RJwdea equatorensis Jouss., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris ii, 
p. 37, pi. 1, f. 17 (1900). 

This shell resembles R. californica, but it is smaller and 
of less regular growth, whorls v, vi and vii being larger than 
the succeeding and greenish while the rest are dull. The 
keel of the last whorl projects less and the base is less 
excavated. 

Genus OBELISCUS Beck, 1837. 

Obeliscus BECK, Index Moll., p. 61, for (1) calcareus, (2) 
sceptrum, (3) obtusatus, (4) decollatus, (5) obeliscus, (6) 
.gnomon, (7) sylvaticus, (8) subuliformis, (9) septenarius, 
(10) stylus, (11) bacterionides, (12) micro,, (13) annaensis, 
(14) gracillimus, (15) clavulus, (16) goodalli, (17) oryza, 
(18) mimosarum, (19) brepkos. Not Obeliscus Humphrey, 
Museum Calonnianum, p. 24 (1797). Cf. Herrmannsen, In- 
dicis, ii, p. 131. 

Stenogyra SHUTTL. (in part), Beitrage zur naheren Kennt- 
niss der Land- und Susswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico, 
in Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 
aus den Jahre 1854, p. 45 (March, 1854) ; and in Annals of 
the Lye. of Nat, Hist., N. Y., vi, p. 70, foot-note (March, 
1854) ; and of many subsequent authors. Bulimus of the 
older writers. 

Shell imperforate or nearly so, subcylindric or taperinir, 
usually rather large, solid and opaque; whorls 9 to 18, some- 
what convex, not carinate. Embryonic whorls smooth, the 
summit obtuse. Aperture ovate, the outer lip simple and 
short, columella concave or vertical, continuous or indis- 
tinctly truncate at base. Viviparous, the embryonic shell 
globose or oblong, of about 3 whorls, and very small com- 
pared with the adult. Type 0. obeliscus. 


OBELISCUS. 241 

Distribution, tropical South America and the Greater An- 
tilles. 

This extensive genus comprises all of the large American 
Achatinidcs except Neobeliscus calcareus, but also some species 
no larger than Opeas or Subulina,. It has not the free, over- 
hanging columellar reflection of Opeas, nor the strongly trun- 
cate columella of Subulina. A few of the smallest species 
are clear corneous, but most of them are opaque and more 
solid than Opeas. The reproduction is known to be vivip- 
arous dn some species of all the subgenera except Lyobasis, 
in which nothing is known of the reproduction. Embryos 
may often be shaken out of dry shells of the larger species 
after soaking them to macerate the dry contents. 

Obeliscus was proposed for some nineteen species enumer- 
ated above. Six of these, nos. 2, 6, 10, 13, 14, 19, are nude 
names, introduced without description 'by Beck; no. 4 is type 
of the prior genus Huniina; nos. 12, 15, 16, 18 have been re 
ferred to the later genus Opeas; and no. 3 belongs to the 
genus Clavator. The remaining forms (0. calcareus, obelis- 
cus, sylvaticus, subuliformis, septenarius, bacterionides) , are 
referable to two genera, one containing the first species, 0. 
calcareus, the other including the rest. Herrmannsen (Sept. 
8, 1847) mentioned 0. calcareus as typical, and Gray (P. Z. 
S., Nov., 1847) independently selected obtusatus; but the 
principle that a tautonomic genus takes as type the species 
upon which the generic name was based is one of such obvious 
propriety, and has won such wide acceptance among natural- 
ists in other departments of zoology, that I do not hesitate to 
consider 0. obeliscus Spix as type of the genus Obeliscus. 

The name Obeliscus was used earlier by Humphrey for the 
group of Troclius dolabratus Linne, but in an anonymous 
catalogue, the Museum Calonnianum, not considered accept- 
able as a source of nomenclature. 

The genus Stenogyra was proposed by Shuttleworth to in- 
clude numerous turrited, unicolored, mostly pale or translu- 
cent shelled forms, which had 'been placed in Bulimus and 
Achatina by former authors. The group was so obviously 
natural that it came at once into use, and it is only of late 


242 OBELISCUS. 

that the necessity has been felt of recognizing several genera 
in place of the one. Stenogyra in its original limits cor- 
responds now to a subfamily rather than a genus. As sec- 
tions of Stenoyyra, Slmttlewort.h ranked the following: 
Opeas Albers (1850), with the species subula, octonoidcs, 
margaritacea, alabastrina, gompharium, goodaUi. 

Pseudobalea Shuttlw. (1854), species dominicensis Pfr. 

Obeliscus Beck (1837), species swiftiaita, turb raster. 

Subulina Beck (1837), species octona, acicularis. 

No type was selected for Stenogyra; and if the ordinary 
process of elimination be applied to the group, the name 
Stenogyra must replace the so-called Obeliscus of. Shuttle- 
worth's list, which are not typical Obeliscus as now restricted. 
This view I took in 1899 when I selected 8. terebraster as 
type of Stenogyra. By another method of elimination, Steno- 
gyra would take the place of Pseudobalea Shuttl. Mr. E. A. 
Smith suggests that Stenogyra be dropped entirely, on the 
ground that it was proposed without a type, to cover a num- 
ber of groups already instituted. In a case like this where 
the author's evident intention was to form a new genus by 
the union of several prior groups, and yet by the inclusion 
of new species renders it not exactly equivalent to them 
singly or collectively, no two subsequent students can be ex- 
pected to arrive at the same conclusion in its restriction. It 
becomes a matter of convenience or personal predilection. I 
can see no serious objection to the use of Stenogyra as a sec- 
tion of Obeliscus for the 0. terebraster group, which differs 
sufficiently from typical Obeliscus to require a special desig- 
nation. 

Obeliscus is closely related 'to Rhodea and Neobeliscus, both 
evidently branches from the Obeliscus stem. Rhodea diverges 
from the parent stock in its later stages of growth, Neobelis- 
cus in its embryonic stage. The forms remaining in Obe- 
liscus 'constitute several subordinate groups, some of which 
may hereafter be raised to genera. The rank of the several 
groups in this classification depends largely upon the prom- 
inence of their special modifications, and does not necessarily 
involve the comparative antiquity of the group. Thus Rlio- 


OBELISCUS. 243 

<l<a may be the result of a later radiation than that which 
separated Obeliscus and Protobeliscus. 

Key to Subgenera of Obelise as. 

NOTE. Keys to the species may be found under the sub- 
generic heads. 

I. Embryonic shell with a convexly-conic spire and sub- 
acute apex, the columella .straight, not truncate. Adult 
shell thin, smoothish, sinistral, very long, composed of 12 
to 15 whorls. Antilles. 

Subgenus PSEUDOBALEA, species 29, 30. 

II. Embryonic shell with globose or hemispherical spire, flat- 
tened at the summit; shell dextral. 

a. Columella of the embryonic shell entire, not trun- 
cate or excised below (pi. 37, f. 100) ; adult shell 
dextral, smootliish or finely striate, usually large. 
South America, 

Subgeiius OBELISCUS s. str., species 1 to 8. 
aa. Columella of the embryonic shell more or less trun- 
cate or excised at base (pi. 37, figs. 102, 103) ; adult 
shell smoothish, not rib-striate. 

b. Columella of the adult with reflexed edge, not 
calloused. Andean. 

Subgenus PROTOBELISCUS, species 9 to 17. 
bb. Columella of the adult calloused below. An- 
tilles. Subgenus STENOGYRA, species 18 to 28. 
aaa. Columella of the embryonic shell unknown; adult 
shell small, ribbed or rib-striate, two embryonic 
whorls of the globose summit smooth. Western 
Cuba. Subgenus LYOBASIS, species 31 to 36. 

The limits of the groups Obeliscus s. sir., Stenogyra and 
Protobeliscus have not been marked out in detail, because the 
essential differences of the first two are in the embryonic 
shells, which are known in but few species. In general, Obe- 
liscus is Brazilian, Protobeliscus Andean, and Stenogyra is 
Antillean. 

Numerous species which have been described or mentioned 


244 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 

under the generic term Obeliscus belong to 'the Lamarckian 
genu's Pyramidella. There are also some very briefly or in- 
sufficiently described bulimi which may have been based 
upon species of Obeliscus, the descriptions of which follow. 

Achatina sellovii King. Shell cylindric, transversely stri- 
ate, subdiaphanous; length five-sixteenths, diam. two- 
sixteenths inch. (King, Zool. Journal, v, p. 343.) Brazil. 
M&y be an Opeas. 

Achatina sordida King. Shell subdiaphanous, subconic, 
basal whorl ventricose. Length six-eighths, diam. three- 
eighths of an inch. Rio Janeiro. (King, Zool. Journ., v, 
p. 343.) May be an Opeas. 

Achatina strigata King. " T. diaphana, subalbida, creber- 
rime transversim substriata, strigis longitudinialibus cas- 
taneis raris; anfractus basalis subangulatus. Long, eleven- 
sixteenths, lat. six-sixteenths inch." (King, Zool. Journ., v, 
p. 343). Brazil. 

Bulimus septenarius Brag., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 324, no. 46, 
said to be from Lima, Peru, might be an Obeliscus or Steno- 
gyra, but is more likely a Drymtzus of the group of D. mor- 
bidus, D. chenui, etc. (Manual, vol. xi, p. 283) ; and prob- 
ably could be identified in a good Lima collection, if really 
from that place. It is described as white, smooth, trans- 
parent and turriculate, composed of 7 very slightly convex 
whorls ; not over one inch long and four lines in diameter at 
the base. The aperture is oval, twice as long as wide, with a 
thin, -acute outer lip, the inner lip a little recurved in the 
region of the axis, over the perforation. The columella is 
straight and rounded. 

Species of Brazil and Bolivia (Subgenus Obeliscus s. str.). 

Most of the Brazilian Obelisks probably belong to the typi- 
cal subgenus, but the embryonic shell has been examined in 
0. obeliscus only. 


I. Shell closely striate, opaque, the diameter contained 
to 5 times in the length; whorls 13 to 18. 

a. Adult shell 100 mm. long or more, often trun- 


SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 245 

cate at the tip, finely and densely striate. 

0. obeliscus, no. 1. 

aa. Shell 72 x 14 or 15 mm., with 15 to 18 whorls. 

0. carphodes, no. 2. 
aaa. Shell 84 x 17 mm. with 13 flattened whorls. 

0. planospirus, no. 3. 

II. She'll wrinkled below the suture, elsewhere smoother, 
the cliani. contained 3y 2 *o 4 times in length; whorla 
10-12. 

a. Summit large, the diam. at second whorl 2.8 
mm. ; 28 x 8 mm., with 8 whorls. 

0. pattalus, no. 6. 

aa. Summit smaller, 2 mm. diam. ; whorls 11 to 12. 

&. 34 x 9 mm., aperture contained four times 

in length of shell. 0. agassizi, no. 5. 

6&. 31 x 7 mm. ; spire more slender, aperture 

smaller, 4 1 / times in length. 

0. sylvaticus, no. 4. 

III. Shell smooth, thin and pale, 14 x 4 mm. with 9 whorls. 

0. bacterionides, no. 7. 

IV. Shell smooth, thin and w r hitish, very slender, 22 x 3 mm., 
with 14 flattened whorls. 0. subuliformis, no. 8. 

1. 0. OBELISCUS (Moricand). PI. 34, figs. 44 to 48, 51. 

"Shell elongate, terebriforni, whorls 15. very finely striate, 
ashy-buff, lip simple. Length 85, diam. 17 mm." (Mori- 
cand) . 

Brazil: Caravelhas (Moric.) ; Bahia (Paz), Taguara, Prov. 
Rio Grande do Sul ( v. Ihering) . 

Helix (Cochlicella) obeliscus MORIC., Mem. de la Societe 
de Phys. et d'His't. Nat, de Geneve, vi, 1833, p. 540, pi. 1, f. 
4; vii, p. 424 (eggs and young). Bulimus o., REEVE, Conch. 
Icon., v, pi. 52, f. 343. DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 113, pi. 
142 A, f. 3, 4. PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 395; Conchyl. Cab., p. 
107, pi. 34, f. 1. HIDALGO, J. de Conch., 1870, p. 55.Sten. 
(O'beliscus} O'beliscus Mor., Clessin, Malak. Bl. n. F., x, p. 
169. 

Moricand described an immature specimen of the narrow 


246 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 

phase of this species. His original figure, copied in my fig. 
44, shows the pale color and angular periphery of youth. In 
his second publication he mentions receiving others, up to 
11 cm. long. In fig. 45 a young shell 71 x 15 mm., with 14% 
whorls is drawn. The embryonic second whorl is 3.2 mm. 
diam. The fully adult shell of this form is shown in fig. 47, 
105 x 25 mm., with 11% whorls remaining. The shell is thin, 
light, and pale greenish or grayish-buff in the young, but the 
adult is solid, heavy, and of a rich chestnut-tinged olive- 
yellow 'color on the later whorls, the earlier always whitish. 
The surface is finely, sharply >and densely striate, the strias 
interrupted by a few spiral lines in the immature stage, but 
on the later whorls of the adult form this sculpture is more 
or less obsolete. The apex is truncate in full-grown shells. 
The columella is straight above, concave below, with no cal- 
lous, but its edge is reflexed and closely appressed. 

There is a wider phase or form of this species in which the 
spire tapers more rapidly and the whorls are shorter, a 
greater number therefore being present in specimens of the 
same length ; the other characters remaining practically iden- 
tical. An adult 104 mm. long is 25% mm. wide, retaining 
13 whorls. The immature and adult stages of this wider 
phase are figured, pi. 34, figs. 46, 51. 

Specimens kept in captivity by Moricand brought forth 
young ones. They are born in a capsule of clear, limpid 
fluid confined by an extremely thin membrane, pi. 34, fig. 48. 

This species is type of the genus Obeliscus. The embry- 
onic shell, pi. 37, fig. 100, taken from the shell drawn in pi. 
34, fig. 47, is oblong, perforate, and composed of 3% whorls. 

2. 0. CARPHODES (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, fig. 53. 

Shell imperf orate, long-turrite, the apex obtuse, regularly 
and closely striate, ashy-buff. Whorls 16 to 18, slowly in- 
creasing, a little convex, the last nearly smooth, about two- 
elevenths the length. Columella straight, simple, the aper- 
ture oval, peristome unexpanded, acute, the columellar mar- 
gin narrowly ivllrxrd, .-impressed. Length 72, diam. 14, aper- 
ture 13 x 7 HUD. < /'/>.). 


SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 247 

Brazil. 

Bulimus obelise us Moric., PFR., Monographia, ii, p. 152, 
and of DESHAYES in Fer., Hist., pi. 142 A, f. 5, 6; not of 
Moricand. Bulimus carplwdes PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 108, 
pi. 34, f. 2; Monogr., iii, p. 396 (1853). 

This is a more slender and less solid species than the closely 
related 0. obeliscus, with more whorls in sheik of equal 
length. ' Pfeiffer's figure, copied on my plate, well repre- 
sents it. A specimen before me measures, length 72, diam. 
15, diam. at second whorl 3, length of aperture 14.5 mm., 
whorls 15. Deshayes has figured a larger shell, .about 79 x 
17 mm. . 

3. 0. PLANOSPIRUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 34, fig. 52. 

Shell imperforate, turrite, solid, closely wrinkle striate, ob- 
soletely decussate with impressed lines, alabaster white under 
a deciduous tawny cuticle. Spire elongate, at the apex pass- 
ing into an obtuse cone ; suture impressed. Whorls 13, nearly 
flat, the last about one-fifth the length, obsoletely angular 
below the middle. Columella rather narrow, calloused. 
Aperture oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome simple, unex- 
panded. Length 84, diam. 17, aperture 16x8 mm. (Pfr.) . 

Habitat of type from Cuming coll. unknown. Head waters 
of the Mucury river in eastern Minas Geraes, Brazil (Lieut. 
Will). 

Bulimus planospirus PFR., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1852, p. 60; 
Monogr., iii, p. 396; Conchyl. Cab., p. 108, pi. 34, f. 3.- 
Stenogyra planospira Pfr., DOHRN, Jahrb. D. MaJbak. Ges., 
x, 1883, p. 354. 

"Differs from B. obeliscus in sculpture, the wider and 
flatter whorls and the apex" (Pfr.}. Dohrn notes that it 
differs from the very closely related 0. obeliscus by the flat- 
ter, more rapidly increasing whorls and the consequently 
greater length of the aperture, while tangible differences in 
the sculpture are not present. I have not seen the species. 

4. 0. SYLVATICUS (Spix et Wagner). PL 34, figs. 54, 55. 
"Shell long-conic, subturrite, smooth, glossy, pellucid, sub- 


248 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 

hnperforate. Whorls 11 or 12, convex, gradually increasing, 
parted by a deep suture. Spire very long, the apex obtuse. 
Aperture ovate, thin, the mairgin simple and aicute. Color 
of the shell white. Length 1 inch 3 lines, width 3 l / 2 lines 
(Wagn.). 

Brazil: Province Piauhy in woods (Spix). 

Columna sylvatica SPIX on plate. - - Bulimus sylvaticus 
AVAGNER, Testacea fluviatilia quae in itinere per Brasilia, 
etc., p. 11, pi. 10, f. 4 (1827). Bulimus sylvaticus Spix, 
EEEVE, Conch. Icon., v, Ackatina, pi. 18, f. 95. HIDALGO, 
Journ. de Conch., 1875, p. 130. 

The original description and figure (copied in fig. 54) 
agree with specimens collected by J. G. Anthony, due allow- 
ance being made for bad drawing in Spix's figure, which has 
the sutures too oblique. I figure one of Anthony's shells, 
pi. 34, fig. 55. It is thin, imperf orate, pale greenish-yellow, 
very glossy, with irregular wrinkles immediately below and 
slightly crenulating the sutures, but elsewhere obsolete. The 
spire tapers regularly to a very obtuse apex. Whorls 11%, 
evenly and moderately convex. The columella is slightly 
concave, nearly straight, thin, not at all calloused, but re- 
flected and adnate above. Length 31.7, diam. 7.3, aperture 
6.7 mm. ; diam. at second whorl 2 mm. 

According to Hidalgo, this species was collected by Paz at 
Bahia and Rio Janeiro. 

Var. columella (Philippi). PI. 34, figs. 49, 50. 

Shell cylindric-turrite, the apex obtuse; very smooth, very 
glossy, dirty white ; whorls 10, a little convex, the last sub- 
angular at base. Aperture oblique, semiiovate, the peristome 
simple, unexpended. Length 25, diam. G 1 /^ aperture S 1 /^ 
mm. (Phil.}. 

Brazil. 

Bulimus columella PHIL., Abbild. Beschreib. neuer oder 
wenig gekannter Conichylicn, i. p. 158, Bulimus, pi. 2, f. 7 
(Oct., 1844). PFR,, Monogr.. ii, p. 155. 

Pfeiffer has reduced this to a synonym of 0. sylvaticus in 
the later volumes of the Monographia (vi, p. 91). A speci- 


SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 249 

men before me which seems referable to colunulla has a 
smaller apex than sylvaticus, agreeing with Philippi's fig- 
ures. It is likely that the form may stand as a variety. 

A somewhat similar shell has been figured by Deshayes in 
Ferussac's Histoire, ii, p. 166, pi. 142 A, f. 7, 8, under the 
name B. terebraster. 

5. 0. AGASSIZI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 76. 

Shell minutely perforate, thin, pale yellowish-corneous, the 
later whorls plicatulate immediately under the suture but 
elsewhere nearly smooth ; turrite-conic, the spire a trifle con- 
tracted above. Apex subglobose. Whorls 11, convex, the 
last two flattened, very regularly increasing, the last weakly 
subangular at the periphery. Aperture somewhat oblique, 
ovate ; outer lip thin ; codumella nearly straight, very slightly 
concave, not twisted or subspiral above, its edge narrowly re- 
flexed, the reflection long, basal margin retracted. Length 
34, diam. 9, length of aperture 8.5 mm. ; diam. at second 
whorl 2 mm. 

Brazil (J. G. Anthony, Agassiiz exped.). 

This is a form of the Obeliscus -group, differing from 0. 
obeliscus and 0. carphodes by its conspicuously smaller em- 
bryonic whorls, while 0. sylvaticus is of much more slender 
form, with smaller aperture. The specimens were on a tray 
with 0. sylvaticus. It probably attains a somewhat larger 
size. 

6. 0. PATTALUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 36, fig. 70. 

Shell imperforate, thin, dirty yellowish-olive, slightly shin- 
ing, weakly striate ; turrite, the side-slopes straight, the sum- 
mit rounded, very obtuse. Whorls 8, but slightly convex, the 
later ones nearly flat, last whorl very indistinctly subangular 
in front, tapering below. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate ; 
outer lip thin, hardly arched forward. Oolumella slightly 
concave, dilated above, with the edge thin, reflexed and ad- 
nate, brownish. Length 27.2, diam. 8, aperture 8.9 mm.; 
diam. at second whorl 2.8 mm. 

Brazil (Moricand). 


250 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCl S. 

This small species is remarkable for its very large, obtuse 
summit and the straight spire, not in the least attenuate 
above, being convex rather than contracted there. It was 
sent by Moricand to R. Swift as B. sylvaUcus Spix, and is 
probably from the province of Bahia. It is a stouter species, 
with a far larger summit, than B. clava Rve., the habitat of 
which is unknown. I have not been able to compare it with 
typical 0. haplostylus Pfr., which seems to be related. Some 
specimens are a little more slender than the type, 28 x 7.8 
mm., aperture 8.8 mm. 

7. 0. BACTERIONIDES (Orbigny). PL 36, figs. 71, 72. 

Shell very long, turrite, subcylindric, thin, transparent, 
smooth, whitish or amber-colored. Spire obtuse. Whorls 9, 
flattened. Aperture nearly quadrangular, narrowed above 
and below; columella straight, acute, truncate; lip thin. 
Length 17 [or 14?], diam. 4 mm. Animal very long, yel- 
lowish (Orb.}. 

Bolivia : arid hills of the Rio Grande, provinces of Laguna 
and Valle Grande, at the last foot-hills of the Andes, chiefly 
at a place called Pampa Ruis, under stones (Orb.) ; San Pedro 
Paraguay (Borelli). 

Helix bacterionides ORB., Mag. de ZooL, 1835, p. 9. Buli- 
mus b., ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 260, pi. 29, f. 1-3. 
-PFR., Mono'gr., ii, p. 156 ; iii, p. 393 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 117, 
pi. 35, f. 15-17. DESK, in Per., Hist,, ii, p. 116, pi. 142 a, f. 
12-14. Subulina b., ANCEY, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. 
R. Univ. Torino, xii, no. 309, p. 6 (1897). 

"This species is very close to B. octonus, but differs tren- 
chantly by the flattening of the whorls, rendering the mouth 
angular instead of rounded; it is also less conic and 
smoother, otherwise having the same appearance and char- 
acters" (Orb.). 

No columellar truncation can be traced in d 'Orbigny 's 
figure, which I have copied. Pfeiffer, who probably had 
authentic 'specimens, states that it is imp erf orate, and the 
columella is somewhat callously twisted above. He gives the 
linu-nsions as 14x4 mm. The "17" of Orbigny 's descrip- 


SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 2.11 

tion is probably an error for 14, as that is about the length 
of his size figure. 

8. 0. SUBULIFORMIS (Moricand). PL 36, fig. 75. 

"Shell turrite, elongate, very narrow, smooth, glossy, 
white. Whorls flat and numerous, the apex obtuse. Aper- 
ture ovate, the lip -acute. 

' This species, which appears to me new, is remarkable for 
the great number of whorls, 14 in the individuals in my pos- 
session, which do not appear to be adult, and also for its 
greatly lengthened shape. It is thin, fragile, of a dirty 
white color, glossy, almost without striae. The whorls of the 
spire are nearly flat, the sutures not deep. Length 22, diam. 
3 mm." (Moric.). 

Brazil: wood of St. Gonsalves, near Bahia (Moricand). 

Helix subuliformis MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et d'Hist. Nat. 
de Geneve, vii, p. 427, pi. 2, f. 3. Bulimus s., POT. et MICH., 
Galerie des Moll., i, p. 156, pi. 15, f. 15, 16. REEVE, Conch. 
Icon., pi. 68, f. 486. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 155. 

Very distinct by its extremely narrow figure. 

Species of Ecuador and Peru (Subgenus PROTOBELISCUS 

Pils.). 

So far as I know, the following species belong to the sec- 
tion Protobeliscus, which differs from Obeliscus by the ab- 
ruptly truncate columella of the embryonic shell, pi. 37, fig. 
102, 0. cuneus. It is more globose than the embryo of 
Stenogyra (fig. 103) or Pseudobalea, and differs from the 
corresponding stage in Obeliscus (fig. 100) and Neobeliscus 
(fig. 99) by its short form as well as in the columella. Neo- 
beliscus (fig. 99 natural size) has an enormously larger em- 
bryo than any of the other groups. Protobeliscus is further 
distinguished from typical Obeliscus by the rather thin, 
.smoothish shell, not so distinctly striate, and the longer 
whorls. The type is 0. cuneus Pfr. 

The following key will probably be found of little practical 
use on account of the variability of the species in size. 


252 SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 

I. Large forms, over 50 mm. long. 

a. Summit very obtuse; aperture subvertical. 

0. cuneus, no. 9. 
aa. Summit attenuate; aperture oblique. 

0. major, no. 10. 
II. Smaller forms, 25 to 50 mm. long. 

a. Spire very thick above ; length. 5 times the diam. 

0. pairensis, no. 11. 

en. Spire regularly tapering; length 3^2 to 4 times 
diam. 

b. 39 x 10 mm., whorls 9. 0. haplostylus, no. 12. 
bb. 27x8 mm., whorls 9. 0. jousseaumei, no. 13. 

bbb. 36x9 mm., whorls 10. 0. cuneus minor, no. 9. 
III. Small, 8x2 mm., with 7 whorls. 0. pusillus, no. 14. 

9. 0. CUNEUS (Pfeiffer). PL 35, figs. 56, 57, 58, 59. 

Shell imperforate, turrite-<elub-shaped, solid, smooth, arcu- 
ately irregularly substriate, tawny. Spire turrite, the apex 
rather acute ; suture minutely crenulate, bordered with an 
impressed line. Whorls 10, flat, the last two-sevenths the 
total length, rounded basally. Columella slightly arcuate, 
narrowly calloused, flat. Aperture sub rhombic- ova 1 ; peri- 
stome simple, unexpanded, the right margin very slightly 
arcuate, basal margin forming an obtuse angle with the 'colu- 
mella. Length 63, diam. 16, aperture 18.5x10 mm. (Pfr.). 

Ecuador: on the Mira river (Bourcier, type loc.). Nane- 
gal (Martinez) ; Val de Pilaton, about 3,000 meters above 
sea level (Boetzkes) ; Los Puentes near Cfualea at about 1,500 
meters, on low herba.ge in very damp places (Cousin). 

B-ulinntx us PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 154; M'on- 

ogr., iii, p. 390; Conchyl. Cab., p. 96, pi. 32, f. 11, 12.- 
HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 56 ; Viaje al Pacifico, 
Moll., p. 97. Obelise ttx mm- us Pfr., MILLER, Malak. BL, xxv, 
1878, p. 195; n. F., i, 1879, pi. 6, f. 3 b, var. min or. COUSIN, 
Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, xii. 1887, p. 237.Bulimus fair- 
mnlminiif; PETIT de la SATSSAYE, Journ. de Conch., 1853, p. 
156, pi. 5, f. 8. 

The surface is glossy, \vitli only fainl striation, and eov- 


SOUTH AMERICAN OBELISCUS. 253 

ered with a chestnut-tinged yellow or olive-yellow cuticle, 
paler above and worn from the upper whorls. A narrow 
sutural margin is conspicuous, but occasionally obsolete. 
The spire remains thick until quite near the .apex. The outer 
lip is decidedly arcuate in side view (fig. 58), but the aper- 
ture is vertical, not oblique as in 0. major. Well-grown speci- 
mens measure 67 x 16.8 mm., aperture 20 mm., and have 11 
whorls. 

The columella in uterine young shells is distinctly trun- 
cate obliquely, and this sinuation may be seen near the apex 
in sections of adult shells. Elsewhere the axis is straight 
and slender. A dried specimen opened by me contained 8 
embryonic shells, the largest 4.7 mm. long, 3.6 wide, with 3 
whorls. Like the adults, they are iniperforate (pi. 37, fig. 
102). Miller mentions finding 12 embryos in a specimen he 
opened. The synonymous B. fairmairianus is figured, fig. 59. 
Figures 56, 57 are Pfeiffer's type of cuneus. 

Var. minor Miller. PI. 35, fig. 63. Whorls 10, length 36, 
d'iam. 9, aperture 10 x 5 mm. ; only a trace of the subsutural 
line; striation more distinct. With cuneus in the Val de 
Pilaton. The name is preoccupied by